महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-91, verse-18

आपतन्तं रथं तं तु शङ्खवर्णैर्हयोत्तमैः ।
परिवव्रुस्ततः शूरा गजानीकेन सर्वतः ।
किरन्तो विविधांस्तीक्ष्णान्सायकाँल्लघुवेधिनः ॥१८॥

18. āpatantaṁ rathaṁ taṁ tu śaṅkhavarṇairhayottamaiḥ ,
parivavrustataḥ śūrā gajānīkena sarvataḥ ,
kiranto vividhāṁstīkṣṇānsāyakāँllaghuvedhinaḥ.

18. āpatantam ratham tam tu śaṅkhavarṇaiḥ
hayauttamaiḥ parivavruḥ tataḥ
śūrāḥ gajānīkena sarvataḥ kirantaḥ
vividhān tīkṣṇān sāyakān laghuvedhinaḥ

18. tataḥ śūrāḥ gajānīkena sarvataḥ tam
āpatantam ratham śaṅkhavarṇaiḥ
hayauttamaiḥ kirantaḥ vividhān tīkṣṇān
laghuvedhinaḥ sāyakān tu parivavruḥ

18. Then, the heroes, with their elephant army, surrounded that approaching chariot, which was drawn by excellent horses the color of conch-shells, showering various sharp, swift-piercing arrows from all sides.

Words meanings summery:

• आपतन्तम् (āpatantam) - approaching, falling upon

• रथम् (ratham) - chariot

• तम् (tam) - that

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• शङ्खवर्णैः (śaṅkhavarṇaiḥ) - of conch-shell color

• हयौत्तमैः (hayauttamaiḥ) - by excellent horses

• परिवव्रुः (parivavruḥ) - they surrounded

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, from there

• शूराः (śūrāḥ) - heroes, brave warriors

• गजानीकेन (gajānīkena) - by the elephant army

• सर्वतः (sarvataḥ) - from all sides, everywhere

• किरन्तः (kirantaḥ) - showering, scattering

• विविधान् (vividhān) - various, diverse

• तीक्ष्णान् (tīkṣṇān) - sharp, keen

• सायकान् (sāyakān) - arrows

• लघुवेधिनः (laghuvedhinaḥ) - swift-piercing

Words meanings and morphology

आपतन्तम् (āpatantam) - approaching, falling upon

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of āpatat

āpatat - approaching, falling down

Present Active Participle

Derived from root `pat` (to fall) with prefix `ā`, in present tense, active voice.

Prefix: ā

Root: pat (class 1)

Note: It qualifies 'ratham'.

रथम् (ratham) - chariot

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot, carriage

Note: Object of 'parivavruḥ'.

तम् (tam) - that

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, those, it

Note: Qualifies 'ratham'.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

शङ्खवर्णैः (śaṅkhavarṇaiḥ) - of conch-shell color

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śaṅkhavarṇa

śaṅkhavarṇa - conch-shell colored, white

Compound type : karmadhāraya (śaṅkha+varṇa)

• śaṅkha – conch-shell
  noun (masculine)
• varṇa – color, appearance
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies 'hayauttamaiḥ'.

हयौत्तमैः (hayauttamaiḥ) - by excellent horses

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of hayauttama

hayauttama - excellent horses, best of horses

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (haya+uttama)

• haya – horse
  noun (masculine)
• uttama – excellent, best, supreme
  adjective (masculine)
  Superlative of 'ud'.

Note: Refers to the horses drawing the chariot.

परिवव्रुः (parivavruḥ) - they surrounded

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (liṭ) of parivavru

Perfect tense

Perfect 3rd person plural of root `vṛ` (to cover, surround) with prefix `pari`.

Prefix: pari

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Verb of the sentence, subject is 'śūrāḥ'.

ततः (tataḥ) - then, from there

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of time.

शूराः (śūrāḥ) - heroes, brave warriors

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śūra

śūra - hero, warrior, brave

Note: Subject of 'parivavruḥ'.

गजानीकेन (gajānīkena) - by the elephant army

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of gajānīka

gajānīka - elephant army, elephant host

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (gaja+anīka)

• gaja – elephant
  noun (masculine)
• anīka – army, host, array
  noun (neuter)

Note: Indicates the means by which the heroes surrounded the chariot.

सर्वतः (sarvataḥ) - from all sides, everywhere

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb modifying 'parivavruḥ'.

किरन्तः (kirantaḥ) - showering, scattering

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kirant

kirant - showering, scattering

Present Active Participle

Derived from root `kṛ` (to scatter, shower) in present tense, active voice.

Root: kṛ (class 6)

Note: Qualifies 'śūrāḥ' (the heroes were showering).

विविधान् (vividhān) - various, diverse

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of vividha

vividha - various, diverse, manifold

Note: Qualifies 'sāyakān'.

तीक्ष्णान् (tīkṣṇān) - sharp, keen

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tīkṣṇa

tīkṣṇa - sharp, keen, fierce

Note: Qualifies 'sāyakān'.

सायकान् (sāyakān) - arrows

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sāyaka

sāyaka - arrow, missile

Note: Object of 'kirantaḥ'.

लघुवेधिनः (laghuvedhinaḥ) - swift-piercing

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of laghuvedhin

laghuvedhin - swift-piercing, quick-hitting

Derived from 'laghu' (swift) and root 'vidh' (to pierce), forming an agent noun or adjective.

Compound type : karmadhāraya (laghu+vedhin)

• laghu – swift, quick, light
  adjective
• vedhin – piercer, hitting
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun
  Derived from root `vidh` (to pierce) with `ṇin` suffix.
  Root: vidh (class 6)

Note: Qualifies 'sāyakān'.