महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-57, verse-11

उत्तङ्क उवाच ।
प्राहुर्वाक्संगतं मित्रं धर्मनैपुण्यदर्शिनः ।
मित्रेषु यश्च विषमः स्तेन इत्येव तं विदुः ॥११॥

11. uttaṅka uvāca ,
prāhurvāksaṁgataṁ mitraṁ dharmanaipuṇyadarśinaḥ ,
mitreṣu yaśca viṣamaḥ stena ityeva taṁ viduḥ.

11. uttaṅkaḥ uvāca pra āhuḥ vāk saṃgatam mitram dharma naipuṇya
darśinaḥ mitreṣu yaḥ ca viṣamaḥ stenaḥ iti eva tam viduḥ

11. uttaṅkaḥ uvāca dharma naipuṇya
darśinaḥ vāk saṃgatam mitram
pra āhuḥ ca yaḥ mitreṣu viṣamaḥ
asti tam eva stenaḥ iti viduḥ

11. Uttanka said: Those who discern the subtleties of righteousness (dharma) declare that a friend is one whose speech is consistent (with their actions). And whoever behaves unevenly or deceitfully among friends, they indeed know him to be a thief.

Words meanings summery:

• उत्तङ्कः (uttaṅkaḥ) - Uttanka (a proper name)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• प्र (pra) - forth, forward, pre-eminent, very

• आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say, they declare

• वाक् (vāk) - speech, word, voice

• संगतम् (saṁgatam) - consistent (with actions/principles) (united, consistent, joined, met)

• मित्रम् (mitram) - friend

• धर्म (dharma) - pertaining to righteousness or moral principles (righteousness, natural law, duty, virtue, constitution)

• नैपुण्य (naipuṇya) - intricacy, subtlety (of dharma) (skill, expertise, subtlety, intricacy)

• दर्शिनः (darśinaḥ) - those who discern (the subtleties of dharma) (perceivers, seers, those who discern)

• मित्रेषु (mitreṣu) - among friends, concerning friends

• यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

• च (ca) - and, also

• विषमः (viṣamaḥ) - deceitful, uneven (in behavior) (uneven, unequal, difficult, bad, treacherous, deceitful)

• स्तेनः (stenaḥ) - thief

• इति (iti) - indicates the predicate, 'as' or 'to be' (thus, so, in this manner, indicates direct speech or thought, or introduces a predicate)

• एव (eva) - indeed, truly (only, just, indeed, truly)

• तम् (tam) - him (the deceitful person) (him, that)

• विदुः (viduḥ) - they know, they understand

Words meanings and morphology

उत्तङ्कः (uttaṅkaḥ) - Uttanka (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of uttaṅka

uttaṅka - a proper name (of a sage)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice. Root 'vac' (2nd class), irregular formation.

Root: vac (class 2)

प्र (pra) - forth, forward, pre-eminent, very

(indeclinable)

Note: Acts as a preverb with 'āhuḥ'.

आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say, they declare

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of ah

Present Active

Present tense, 3rd person plural, active voice. Root 'ah' (irregular).

Root: ah

वाक् (vāk) - speech, word, voice

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vāc

vāc - speech, voice, word

Note: Here used as the first member of a compound 'vāk-saṃgatam'.

संगतम् (saṁgatam) - consistent (with actions/principles) (united, consistent, joined, met)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of saṃgata

saṁgata - united, joined, consistent, met, arrived

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'gam' (to go) with prefix 'sam'.

Prefix: sam

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Accusative singular neuter, agreeing with 'mitram'.

मित्रम् (mitram) - friend

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of mitra

mitra - friend, companion, sun

Note: Direct object of 'pra āhuḥ'.

धर्म (dharma) - pertaining to righteousness or moral principles (righteousness, natural law, duty, virtue, constitution)

(noun)

masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - righteousness, duty, natural law, virtue, constitution, essential quality

From root 'dhṛ' (to hold, support).

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: First part of the compound 'dharma-naipuṇya'.

नैपुण्य (naipuṇya) - intricacy, subtlety (of dharma) (skill, expertise, subtlety, intricacy)

(noun)

neuter, singular of naipuṇya

naipuṇya - skill, dexterity, expertise, subtlety, intricacy

Derived from 'nipuṇa' (skilled).

Note: Second part of the compound 'dharma-naipuṇya'.

दर्शिनः (darśinaḥ) - those who discern (the subtleties of dharma) (perceivers, seers, those who discern)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of darśin

dharmanāipuṇyadarśin - those who discern the subtlety of righteousness

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dharma+naipuṇya+darśin)

• dharma – righteousness, duty, natural law
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• naipuṇya – skill, expertise, subtlety
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from 'nipuṇa' (skilled).
• darśin – seeing, perceiving, discerning
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun/Adjective
  From root 'dṛś' (to see) with suffix '-in'.
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Refers to the implied subject of 'pra āhuḥ'.

मित्रेषु (mitreṣu) - among friends, concerning friends

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of mitra

mitra - friend, companion

यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what, whoever

Note: Refers to the person who is devious.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

विषमः (viṣamaḥ) - deceitful, uneven (in behavior) (uneven, unequal, difficult, bad, treacherous, deceitful)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viṣama

viṣama - uneven, unequal, difficult, bad, dangerous, treacherous, deceitful

Prefix: vi

Root: sam

Note: Qualifies 'yaḥ' (whoever).

स्तेनः (stenaḥ) - thief

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of stena

stena - thief, robber

Root: sten (class 10)

Note: Predicate nominative with 'iti'.

इति (iti) - indicates the predicate, 'as' or 'to be' (thus, so, in this manner, indicates direct speech or thought, or introduces a predicate)

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed, truly (only, just, indeed, truly)

(indeclinable)

तम् (tam) - him (the deceitful person) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of 'viduḥ'. Corresponds to 'yaḥ'.

विदुः (viduḥ) - they know, they understand

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present Active

Present tense, 3rd person plural, active voice. Root 'vid' (2nd class).

Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Subject is implicitly 'dharma naipuṇya darśinaḥ' or people in general.