महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-323, verse-20

तप्त्वा वर्षसहस्राणि चत्वारि तप उत्तमम् ।
एकपादस्थिताः सम्यक्काष्ठभूताः समाहिताः ॥२०॥

20. taptvā varṣasahasrāṇi catvāri tapa uttamam ,
ekapādasthitāḥ samyakkāṣṭhabhūtāḥ samāhitāḥ.

20. taptvā varṣasahasrāṇi catvāri tapaḥ uttamam
ekapādasthitāḥ samyak kāṣṭhabhūtāḥ samāhitāḥ

20. Having performed excellent spiritual austerity (tapas) for four thousand years, they stood perfectly on one foot, motionless like logs of wood, completely absorbed (samāhita) in concentration.

Words meanings summery:

• तप्त्वा (taptvā) - having performed spiritual austerity (having performed penance, having heated oneself)

• वर्षसहस्राणि (varṣasahasrāṇi) - thousands of years

• चत्वारि (catvāri) - four

• तपः (tapaḥ) - spiritual austerity (tapas) (penance, austerity (tapas), heat)

• उत्तमम् (uttamam) - excellent (excellent, best, supreme)

• एकपादस्थिताः (ekapādasthitāḥ) - standing on one foot (as an ascetic posture) (standing on one foot)

• सम्यक् (samyak) - perfectly (properly, rightly, perfectly, completely)

• काष्ठभूताः (kāṣṭhabhūtāḥ) - motionless like logs of wood (become like wood, motionless like a log)

• समाहिताः (samāhitāḥ) - completely absorbed in concentration (concentrated, absorbed, composed)

Words meanings and morphology

तप्त्वा (taptvā) - having performed spiritual austerity (having performed penance, having heated oneself)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (indeclinable participle)

Absolutive form from root 'tap' (1st class)

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Expresses an action completed before the main verb.

वर्षसहस्राणि (varṣasahasrāṇi) - thousands of years

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, plural of varṣasahasra

varṣasahasra - a thousand years

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (varṣa+sahasra)

• varṣa – year, rain
  noun (neuter)
• sahasra – thousand
  numeral (neuter)

Note: Duration of time, takes accusative.

चत्वारि (catvāri) - four

(numeral)

Note: Agrees with 'varṣasahasrāṇi'.

तपः (tapaḥ) - spiritual austerity (tapas) (penance, austerity (tapas), heat)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - heat, warmth, pain, suffering, penance, austerity (tapas)

Note: Direct object of 'taptvā'.

उत्तमम् (uttamam) - excellent (excellent, best, supreme)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of uttama

uttama - highest, best, excellent, principal

Note: Agrees with 'tapaḥ'.

एकपादस्थिताः (ekapādasthitāḥ) - standing on one foot (as an ascetic posture) (standing on one foot)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ekapādasthita

ekapādasthita - standing on one foot

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (eka+pāda+sthita)

• eka – one, single
  numeral (masculine)
• pāda – foot, leg, quarter
  noun (masculine)
• sthita – standing, situated, established
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Past passive participle of root 'sthā' (to stand)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Refers to the sages (plural, masculine).

सम्यक् (samyak) - perfectly (properly, rightly, perfectly, completely)

(indeclinable)

Indeclinable form from 'samyañc'

Prefix: sam

Root: añc (class 1)

Note: Adverb modifying the posture.

काष्ठभूताः (kāṣṭhabhūtāḥ) - motionless like logs of wood (become like wood, motionless like a log)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kāṣṭhabhūta

kāṣṭhabhūta - become like wood, turned into wood, motionless

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kāṣṭha+bhūta)

• kāṣṭha – wood, log, timber
  noun (neuter)
• bhūta – become, been, past, being
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Past passive participle of root 'bhū' (to be)
  Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Refers to the sages.

समाहिताः (samāhitāḥ) - completely absorbed in concentration (concentrated, absorbed, composed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of samāhita

samāhita - concentrated, collected, composed, absorbed, attentive

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle of root 'dhā' with upasargas 'sam' and 'ā'

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Refers to the sages.