महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-318, verse-28

शतस्य सहजातस्य सप्तमीं दशमीं दशाम् ।
प्राप्नुवन्ति ततः पञ्च न भवन्ति शतायुषः ॥२८॥

28. śatasya sahajātasya saptamīṁ daśamīṁ daśām ,
prāpnuvanti tataḥ pañca na bhavanti śatāyuṣaḥ.

28. śatasya sahajātasya saptamīṃ daśamīṃ daśām
prāpnuvanti tataḥ pañca na bhavanti śatāyuṣaḥ

28. Out of a hundred individuals born at the same time, some reach the seventh or tenth decade of life. Subsequently, centenarians are not even five in number.

Words meanings summery:

• शतस्य (śatasya) - of a hundred

• सहजातस्य (sahajātasya) - of individuals born simultaneously or at the same time (of one born together, of one co-born)

• सप्तमीं (saptamīṁ) - seventh (decade of life) (seventh)

• दशमीं (daśamīṁ) - tenth (decade of life) (tenth)

• दशाम् (daśām) - decade or stage of life (state, condition, stage, decade (of life))

• प्राप्नुवन्ति (prāpnuvanti) - they obtain, they reach, they attain

• ततः (tataḥ) - subsequently, thereafter (from that, then, thereafter, consequently)

• पञ्च (pañca) - five

• न (na) - not, no

• भवन्ति (bhavanti) - they are, they become, they exist

• शतायुषः (śatāyuṣaḥ) - individuals living for a hundred years (centenarians, living for a hundred years)

Words meanings and morphology

शतस्य (śatasya) - of a hundred

(numeral)

Note: Refers to a group of a hundred individuals.

सहजातस्य (sahajātasya) - of individuals born simultaneously or at the same time (of one born together, of one co-born)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of sahajāta

sahajāta - born together, co-born, naturally produced

past passive participle

Compound: saha (together) + jāta (born). Jāta is P.P.P. of jan (to be born).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (saha+jāta)

• saha – with, together with, at the same time
  indeclinable
• jāta – born, produced, arisen, existing
  adjective (masculine)
  past passive participle
  Derived from verb root jan- (to be born).
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Agrees with an implied masculine noun like 'jana' (person) or 'puruṣa' (man).

सप्तमीं (saptamīṁ) - seventh (decade of life) (seventh)

(ordinal numeral)

Note: Agrees with 'daśām'.

दशमीं (daśamīṁ) - tenth (decade of life) (tenth)

(ordinal numeral)

Note: Agrees with 'daśām'.

दशाम् (daśām) - decade or stage of life (state, condition, stage, decade (of life))

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of daśā

daśā - state, condition, stage, period, decade, strip of cloth

प्राप्नुवन्ति (prāpnuvanti) - they obtain, they reach, they attain

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (lat) of āp

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

ततः (tataḥ) - subsequently, thereafter (from that, then, thereafter, consequently)

(indeclinable)

पञ्च (pañca) - five

(numeral)

Note: Used here to indicate a small number, often implying 'not even five' or 'less than five'.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

भवन्ति (bhavanti) - they are, they become, they exist

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (lat) of bhū

Root: bhū (class 1)

शतायुषः (śatāyuṣaḥ) - individuals living for a hundred years (centenarians, living for a hundred years)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śatāyuṣ

śatāyuṣ - living for a hundred years, centenarian

Compound: śata (hundred) + āyuṣ (life, lifespan).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (śata+āyus)

• śata – hundred
  numeral (neuter)
• āyus – life, lifespan, vital power
  noun (neuter)

Note: Acts as a noun here.