महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-318, verse-1

नारद उवाच ।
सुखदुःखविपर्यासो यदा समुपपद्यते ।
नैनं प्रज्ञा सुनीतं वा त्रायते नापि पौरुषम् ॥१॥

1. nārada uvāca ,
sukhaduḥkhaviparyāso yadā samupapadyate ,
nainaṁ prajñā sunītaṁ vā trāyate nāpi pauruṣam.

1. nāradaḥ uvāca sukhaduḥkhaviparyāsaḥ yadā samupapadyate
na enam prajñā sunītam vā trāyate na api pauruṣam

1. nāradaḥ uvāca: yadā sukhaduḥkhaviparyāsaḥ samupapadyate,
(tadā) enam prajñā vā sunītam vā na trāyate,
api na pauruṣam

1. Nārada said: When the vicissitudes of happiness and sorrow occur, neither wisdom, nor good policy, nor even human effort can protect a person.

Words meanings summery:

• नारदः (nāradaḥ) - Nārada (a divine sage)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• सुखदुःखविपर्यासः (sukhaduḥkhaviparyāsaḥ) - reversal of happiness and sorrow, vicissitude of joy and sorrow

• यदा (yadā) - when, at which time

• समुपपद्यते (samupapadyate) - arises, occurs, comes to pass

• न (na) - not, no

• एनम् (enam) - him, this (person)

• प्रज्ञा (prajñā) - wisdom, intelligence

• सुनीतम् (sunītam) - good policy, wise conduct, good guidance

• वा (vā) - or

• त्रायते (trāyate) - protects, saves

• न (na) - not, no

• अपि (api) - also, even, too

• पौरुषम् (pauruṣam) - human effort, manliness, valor, strength

Words meanings and morphology

नारदः (nāradaḥ) - Nārada (a divine sage)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nārada

nārada - Nārada (a divine sage, son of Brahmā)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Irregular perfect tense form.

सुखदुःखविपर्यासः (sukhaduḥkhaviparyāsaḥ) - reversal of happiness and sorrow, vicissitude of joy and sorrow

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sukhaduḥkhaviparyāsa

sukhaduḥkhaviparyāsa - reversal of pleasure and pain, vicissitude

Compound type : dvandva-tatpuruṣa (sukha+duḥkha+viparyāsa)

• sukha – happiness, pleasure, comfort
  noun (neuter)
• duḥkha – sorrow, pain, suffering
  noun (neuter)
• viparyāsa – reversal, inversion, change
  noun (masculine)
  Prefixes: vi+pari
  Root: as (class 4)

Note: The compound is a Dwandva of sukha and duhkha, followed by a Tatpurusha with viparyāsa.

यदा (yadā) - when, at which time

(indeclinable)

Note: Correlative adverb to tadā (then).

समुपपद्यते (samupapadyate) - arises, occurs, comes to pass

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of pad

Prefixes: sam+upa

Root: pad (class 4)

Note: From root pad (4A) with prefixes sam and upa.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

एनम् (enam) - him, this (person)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ena

ena - this, that, him, her

Note: Used as an anaphoric pronoun, referring to 'a person' implied by the context of suffering.

प्रज्ञा (prajñā) - wisdom, intelligence

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of prajñā

prajñā - wisdom, intelligence, understanding

Prefix: pra

Root: jñā (class 9)

सुनीतम् (sunītam) - good policy, wise conduct, good guidance

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sunīta

sunīta - well-led, well-guided, good policy, good conduct

Past Passive Participle

from root nī with upasarga su

Prefix: su

Root: nī (class 1)

Note: Used as a substantive, meaning "good policy" or "good conduct."

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

त्रायते (trāyate) - protects, saves

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of trai

Root: trai (class 1)

Note: From root trai (1A).

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - also, even, too

(indeclinable)

Note: Often used to emphasize negation here (nāpi = na + api).

पौरुषम् (pauruṣam) - human effort, manliness, valor, strength

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of pauruṣa

pauruṣa - human, manly, manliness, valor, human effort

derived from puruṣa

Note: Acts as a subject, one of the things that does not protect.