वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-6, chapter-40, verse-1

अथोवाच महातेजा हरिराजो महाबलः ।
किमियं व्यथिता सेना मूढवातेव नौर्जले ॥१॥

1. athovāca mahātejā harirājo mahābalaḥ ,
kimiyaṃ vyathitā senā mūḍhavāteva naurjale.

1. atha uvāca mahātejāḥ harirājaḥ mahābalaḥ kim
iyam vyathitā senā mūḍhavātā iva nauḥ jale

1. atha mahātejāḥ mahābalaḥ harirājaḥ uvāca kim
iyam senā jale mūḍhavātā iva nauḥ vyathitā

1. Then the greatly radiant and mighty king of monkeys (Sugrīva) said: 'Why is this army agitated, like a ship caught in a confused wind on the water?'

Words meanings summery:

• अथ (atha) - then, now, moreover

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• महातेजाः (mahātejāḥ) - greatly radiant, highly splendid

• हरिराजः (harirājaḥ) - Sugrīva, the king of monkeys (king of monkeys)

• महाबलः (mahābalaḥ) - greatly powerful, mighty

• किम् (kim) - what, why

• इयम् (iyam) - this

• व्यथिता (vyathitā) - disturbed, agitated, distressed

• सेना (senā) - army, host

• मूढवाता (mūḍhavātā) - affected by a perplexing or erratic wind (caught in a confused wind, having a confused wind)

• इव (iva) - like, as, as if

• नौः (nauḥ) - ship, boat

• जले (jale) - in the water

Words meanings and morphology

अथ (atha) - then, now, moreover

(indeclinable)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect tense

Reduplicated perfect from root vac

Root: vac (class 2)

महातेजाः (mahātejāḥ) - greatly radiant, highly splendid

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahātejas

mahātejas - great splendor, great energy

Compound type : karmadharaya (mahā+tejas)

• mahā – great, large
  adjective
• tejas – splendor, radiance, energy
  noun (neuter)
  Root: tij (class 1)

Note: Compound adjective, modifying 'harirājaḥ'.

हरिराजः (harirājaḥ) - Sugrīva, the king of monkeys (king of monkeys)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of harirāja

harirāja - king of monkeys

Compound type : tatpurusha (hari+rāja)

• hari – monkey
  noun (masculine)
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Refers to Sugrīva.

महाबलः (mahābalaḥ) - greatly powerful, mighty

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahābala

mahābala - great strength, mighty

Compound type : bahuvrihi (mahā+bala)

• mahā – great, large
  adjective
• bala – strength, power
  noun (neuter)
  Root: bal (class 1)

Note: Compound adjective, modifying 'harirājaḥ'.

किम् (kim) - what, why

(interrogative pronoun)

Note: Used here to introduce a question.

इयम् (iyam) - this

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

Note: Refers to 'senā'.

व्यथिता (vyathitā) - disturbed, agitated, distressed

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vyathita

vyathita - disturbed, agitated, pained

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root vyath (to tremble, be disturbed)

Root: vyath (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'senā'.

सेना (senā) - army, host

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of senā

senā - army, host, forces

Note: Subject of the question.

मूढवाता (mūḍhavātā) - affected by a perplexing or erratic wind (caught in a confused wind, having a confused wind)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of mūḍhavāta

mūḍhavāta - confused wind, misled wind

Compound type : karmadharaya (mūḍha+vāta)

• mūḍha – confused, bewildered, foolish
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root muh (to be bewildered)
  Root: muh (class 4)
• vāta – wind, air
  noun (masculine)
  Root: vā (class 2)

Note: Compound adjective modifying 'nauḥ', here used as an adverbial phrase 'like a ship having a confused wind'.

इव (iva) - like, as, as if

(indeclinable)

Note: Used for comparison.

नौः (nauḥ) - ship, boat

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of nau

nau - ship, boat

Note: Subject of the simile.

जले (jale) - in the water

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of jala

jala - water

Note: Indicates location.

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