वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-6, chapter-11, verse-52

अशक्यः सहसा राजन्भावो वेत्तुं परस्य वै ।
अन्तः स्वभावैर्गीतैस्तैर्नैपुण्यं पश्यता भृशम् ॥५२॥

52. aśakyaḥ sahasā rājanbhāvo vettuṃ parasya vai ,
antaḥ svabhāvairgītaistairnaipuṇyaṃ paśyatā bhṛśam.

52. aśakyaḥ sahasā rājan bhāvaḥ vettum parasya vai antaḥ
svabhāvaiḥ gītaiḥ taiḥ naipuṇyam paśyatā bhṛśam

52. rājan,
parasya bhāvaḥ sahasā vettum aśakyaḥ vai.
antaḥ taiḥ gītaiḥ svabhāvaiḥ bhṛśam paśyatā naipuṇyam.

52. O King, it is indeed impossible to suddenly know the true disposition (bhāva) of another. One can perceive the subtlety (naipuṇya) greatly only by observing those inner natures (svabhāva) that are revealed.

Words meanings summery:

• अशक्यः (aśakyaḥ) - impossible, not capable of

• सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, abruptly, hastily

• राजन् (rājan) - O king

• भावः (bhāvaḥ) - disposition, intention, state of mind, intrinsic nature

• वेत्तुम् (vettum) - to know, to understand

• परस्य (parasya) - of another, of an enemy, of a stranger

• वै (vai) - indeed, certainly, truly

• अन्तः (antaḥ) - internal, inner, within

• स्वभावैः (svabhāvaiḥ) - by intrinsic natures, by dispositions

• गीतैः (gītaiḥ) - by those expressed, by those revealed

• तैः (taiḥ) - by them, by those

• नैपुण्यम् (naipuṇyam) - subtlety, skill, proficiency, expertise

• पश्यता (paśyatā) - by one observing, by one seeing

• भृशम् (bhṛśam) - greatly, exceedingly, intensely, much

Words meanings and morphology

अशक्यः (aśakyaḥ) - impossible, not capable of

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aśakya

aśakya - impossible, impracticable, not to be able

Gerundive

From root `śak` (to be able) with suffix `ya` and negative prefix `a-`.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+śakya)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• śakya – possible, capable, practicable
  adjective (masculine)
  Gerundive
  From root `śak`.
  Root: śak (class 5)

Note: Modifies `bhāvaḥ`.

सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, abruptly, hastily

(indeclinable)

Instrumental form of `sahas` (force), used adverbially.

राजन् (rājan) - O king

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

n-stem noun.

Root: rāj

भावः (bhāvaḥ) - disposition, intention, state of mind, intrinsic nature

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhāva

bhāva - state, condition, existence, disposition, intention, feeling, intrinsic nature

From root `bhū` (to be, become).

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: The term `bhāva` is given special treatment in translation.

वेत्तुम् (vettum) - to know, to understand

(verb)

active, infinitive (tumun) of vid

Infinitive

From root `vid` (to know), with `tumun` suffix.

Root: vid (class 2)

परस्य (parasya) - of another, of an enemy, of a stranger

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine/neuter, singular of para

para - other, another, different, supreme, hostile

Pronominal adjective.

वै (vai) - indeed, certainly, truly

(indeclinable)

अन्तः (antaḥ) - internal, inner, within

(indeclinable)

Can be an adverb or the stem of a neuter noun `antar`. Here used as an adjective for `svabhāvaiḥ`.

स्वभावैः (svabhāvaiḥ) - by intrinsic natures, by dispositions

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of svabhāva

svabhāva - one's own nature, inherent disposition, intrinsic nature, essential quality

Compound `sva` (own) + `bhāva` (nature).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (sva+bhāva)

• sva – own, self
  pronoun (masculine)
• bhāva – state, condition, existence, disposition, intention, feeling, intrinsic nature
  noun (masculine)
  From root `bhū`.
  Root: bhū (class 1)

गीतैः (gītaiḥ) - by those expressed, by those revealed

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of gīta

gīta - sung, chanted, proclaimed, revealed, expressed

Past Passive Participle

From root `gai` (to sing, proclaim).

Root: gai (class 1)

Note: Modifies `svabhāvaiḥ`.

तैः (taiḥ) - by them, by those

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Pronominal stem.

नैपुण्यम् (naipuṇyam) - subtlety, skill, proficiency, expertise

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of naipuṇya

naipuṇya - skill, expertise, subtlety, cleverness

From `nipuṇa` (skillful) + suffix `ya`.

Note: Object of `paśyatā`.

पश्यता (paśyatā) - by one observing, by one seeing

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of paśyat

paśyat - seeing, observing, perceiving

Present Active Participle

From root `dṛś` (to see), with `śatṛ` suffix, forms `paśyat`.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: The agent of the action of 'perceiving'.

भृशम् (bhṛśam) - greatly, exceedingly, intensely, much

(indeclinable)

Adverbial form.