वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-6, chapter-11, verse-13

स च न प्रतिजग्राह रावणः कालचोदितः ।
उच्यमानो हितं वाक्यं विपरीत इवौषधम् ॥१३॥

13. sa ca na pratijagrāha rāvaṇaḥ kālacoditaḥ ,
ucyamāno hitaṃ vākyaṃ viparīta ivauṣadham.

13. saḥ ca na pratijagrāha rāvaṇaḥ kālacoditaḥ
ucyamānaḥ hitam vākyam viparītaḥ iva auṣadham

13. But Rāvaṇa, urged on by fate (kāla), did not accept it, just as a sick person does not accept beneficial medicine when it is offered to him.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he (Rāvaṇa) (he, that)

• च (ca) - and, but

• न (na) - not

• प्रतिजग्राह (pratijagrāha) - did not accept (accepted, took)

• रावणः (rāvaṇaḥ) - Rāvaṇa

• कालचोदितः (kālacoditaḥ) - urged on by fate (kāla) (urged by time, impelled by fate)

• उच्यमानः (ucyamānaḥ) - when it is offered to him (literally 'being spoken to') (being spoken, being told)

• हितम् (hitam) - beneficial, wholesome

• वाक्यम् (vākyam) - word, statement, advice

• विपरीतः (viparītaḥ) - adverse (like a sick person refusing medicine) (adverse, contrary, opposite)

• इव (iva) - like, as if

• औषधम् (auṣadham) - medicine, drug

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he (Rāvaṇa) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Rāvaṇa.

च (ca) - and, but

(indeclinable)

Note: Acts as a conjunction, here 'but'.

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates the verb.

प्रतिजग्राह (pratijagrāha) - did not accept (accepted, took)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of grah

Perfect 3rd person singular, active voice

Derived from root grah (to seize, accept) with prefix prati-.

Prefix: prati

Root: grah (class 9)

रावणः (rāvaṇaḥ) - Rāvaṇa

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rāvaṇa

rāvaṇa - Rāvaṇa (proper name)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

कालचोदितः (kālacoditaḥ) - urged on by fate (kāla) (urged by time, impelled by fate)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kālacodita

kālacodita - urged by time, impelled by fate

Past Passive Participle

Compound of kāla (time/fate) and codita (impelled).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kāla+codita)

• kāla – time, destiny, fate
  noun (masculine)
• codita – impelled, urged, sent
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root cud (to impel, urge)
  Root: cud (class 10)

Note: Agrees with Rāvaṇa. (kāla) is a concept for fate here.

उच्यमानः (ucyamānaḥ) - when it is offered to him (literally 'being spoken to') (being spoken, being told)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ucyamāna

ucyamāna - being spoken, being said, being told

Present Passive Participle

Derived from root vac (to speak), in passive voice.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Agrees with Rāvaṇa.

हितम् (hitam) - beneficial, wholesome

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of hita

hita - beneficial, salutary, wholesome, good

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root dhā (to place, do) via secondary root hi (to benefit).

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Agrees with `vākyam`.

वाक्यम् (vākyam) - word, statement, advice

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vākya

vākya - word, speech, statement, sentence, advice

Note: Object of `ucyamānaḥ`.

विपरीतः (viparītaḥ) - adverse (like a sick person refusing medicine) (adverse, contrary, opposite)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viparīta

viparīta - reversed, contrary, adverse, opposite

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root i (to go) with prefixes vi- and pari-.

Prefixes: vi+pari

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Agrees with Rāvaṇa. Here used in the sense of one who acts contrary or refuses.

इव (iva) - like, as if

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces a simile.

औषधम् (auṣadham) - medicine, drug

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of auṣadha

auṣadha - medicine, drug, herb

Note: Part of the simile: 'like medicine'.