महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-1, verse-19

आकुमारं नरव्याघ्र तत्पुरं वै समन्ततः ।
आर्तनादं महच्चक्रे श्रुत्वा विनिहतं नृपम् ॥१९॥

19. ākumāraṁ naravyāghra tatpuraṁ vai samantataḥ ,
ārtanādaṁ mahaccakre śrutvā vinihataṁ nṛpam.

19. ā-kumāram nara-vyāghra tat puram vai samantataḥ
ārtanādam mahat cakre śrutvā vi-nihitam nṛpam

19. nara-vyāghra tat puram vai samantataḥ ā-kumāram
vinihatam nṛpam śrutvā mahat ārtanādam cakre

19. O tiger among men, that city, from all directions and even down to its children, raised a great cry of agony (ārtanāda), having heard that the king had been killed.

Words meanings summery:

• आ-कुमारम् (ā-kumāram) - down to the children, including children

• नर-व्याघ्र (nara-vyāghra) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (common epithet for kings/heroes in the Mahabharata) (O tiger among men, O best of men)

• तत् (tat) - that

• पुरम् (puram) - city, town

• वै (vai) - indeed, truly, certainly

• समन्ततः (samantataḥ) - all around, on all sides

• आर्तनादम् (ārtanādam) - cry of distress, lamentation

• महत् (mahat) - great, large, vast

• चक्रे (cakre) - it made, it did

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

• वि-निहितम् (vi-nihitam) - slain, killed, struck down

• नृपम् (nṛpam) - king, ruler

Words meanings and morphology

आ-कुमारम् (ā-kumāram) - down to the children, including children

(indeclinable)

An Avyayībhāva compound with prefix 'ā' (up to, until, including) and 'kumāra' (child). Functions adverbially.

Compound type : avyayībhāva (ā+kumāra)

• ā – up to, until, including, all around
  indeclinable
  A prefix or preposition.
• kumāra – boy, youth, child
  noun (masculine)

Note: Functions adverbially, specifying the extent of the lamentation.

नर-व्याघ्र (nara-vyāghra) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (common epithet for kings/heroes in the Mahabharata) (O tiger among men, O best of men)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of nara-vyāghra

nara-vyāghra - tiger among men, best of men, excellent man (lit. 'man who is like a tiger')

A Tatpuruṣa compound, specifically a simile used as an epithet, meaning 'man who is like a tiger'.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nara+vyāghra)

• nara – man, person
  noun (masculine)
  Root: nṛ (class 1)
• vyāghra – tiger
  noun (masculine)
  Prefixes: vi+ā
  Root: ghrā (class 1)

Note: Addressed to Dhṛtarāṣṭra by Sanjaya.

तत् (tat) - that

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this, he, she, it

Nominative/accusative singular neuter form of the demonstrative pronoun 'tad'.

पुरम् (puram) - city, town

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of pura

pura - city, town, fortress

Root: pṛ (class 3)

Note: Subject of the verb 'cakre'.

वै (vai) - indeed, truly, certainly

(indeclinable)

Note: An emphatic particle.

समन्ततः (samantataḥ) - all around, on all sides

(indeclinable)

Derived from 'samanta' (all around) with the suffix '-tas' (from, on all sides).

आर्तनादम् (ārtanādam) - cry of distress, lamentation

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ārtanāda

ārtanāda - cry of distress, wail of pain, lamentation

A Tatpuruṣa compound: ārta (distressed) + nāda (sound, cry).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ārta+nāda)

• ārta – distressed, afflicted, suffering, pained
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Past Passive Participle of root 'ṛ' (to go) with prefix 'ā'.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: ṛ (class 1)
• nāda – sound, cry, roar
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'nad' (to sound).
  Root: nad (class 1)

महत् (mahat) - great, large, vast

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, big, eminent

Present Active Participle

Present Active Participle of root 'mah' (to be great) but commonly used as a primary adjective.

Root: mah (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'ārtanādam'.

चक्रे (cakre) - it made, it did

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past perfect (lit) of kṛ

Perfect Middle

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, Ātmanepada (middle voice). The reduplicated form is characteristic of the perfect.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Subject is 'puram'.

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from the root śru with the suffix -tvā.

Root: śru (class 5)

वि-निहितम् (vi-nihitam) - slain, killed, struck down

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vi-nihita

vi-nihita - slain, killed, struck down, defeated

Past Passive Participle

Past Passive Participle of the root 'han' (to strike, kill) with prefixes 'vi-' and 'ni-'.

Prefixes: vi+ni

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'nṛpam'.

नृपम् (nṛpam) - king, ruler

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nṛpa

nṛpa - king, ruler (lit. 'protector of men')

A Tatpuruṣa compound: nṛ (man) + pa (protector).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nṛ+pa)

• nṛ – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
  Root: nṛ (class 1)
• pa – protector, guardian, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root 'pā' (to protect).
  Root: pā (class 2)