महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-1, verse-16

रुरोद च नरव्याघ्र हा राजन्निति दुःखितः ।
अहो बत विविग्नाः स्म निधनेन महात्मनः ॥१६॥

16. ruroda ca naravyāghra hā rājanniti duḥkhitaḥ ,
aho bata vivignāḥ sma nidhanena mahātmanaḥ.

16. ruroda ca nara-vyāghra hā rājan iti duḥkhitaḥ
aho bata vivignāḥ sma nidhanena mahā-ātmanaḥ

16. ca duḥkhitaḥ ruroda,
hā rājan nara-vyāghra iti,
aho bata,
mahā-ātmanaḥ nidhanena vivignāḥ sma.

16. And distressed, he wept, exclaiming, 'Alas, O tiger among men (nara-vyāghra), O king! Oh, alas, we are greatly distressed by the demise of the great soul (mahā-ātman)!'

Words meanings summery:

• रुरोद (ruroda) - he wept (he cried, he wept, he lamented)

• च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

• नर-व्याघ्र (nara-vyāghra) - O tiger among men (addressing Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (O tiger among men, O best of men)

• हा (hā) - alas! (alas! oh! ah!)

• राजन् (rājan) - O king (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (O king)

• इति (iti) - thus (introducing a quote) (thus, so, in this manner)

• दुःखितः (duḥkhitaḥ) - distressed (Saṃjaya) (distressed, sorrowful, grieved)

• अहो (aho) - Oh, alas! (Oh!, Ah!, Alas! (exclamation of wonder, sorrow, joy))

• बत (bata) - alas! (emphasizing sorrow) (Oh!, Alas!, indeed!)

• विविग्नाः (vivignāḥ) - greatly distressed (we are) (greatly agitated, distressed, disturbed, terrified)

• स्म (sma) - (particle indicating past tense for 'vivignāḥ' or emphasis of state) ((particle indicating past tense or emphasis))

• निधनेन (nidhanena) - by the death (by death, by destruction, by perishing)

• महा-आत्मनः (mahā-ātmanaḥ) - of the great soul (mahā-ātman) (referring to Droṇa) (of the great soul, of the high-minded one)

Words meanings and morphology

रुरोद (ruroda) - he wept (he cried, he wept, he lamented)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of rud

Root: rud (class 2)

Note: Main verb. Subject is implied (Saṃjaya).

च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

नर-व्याघ्र (nara-vyāghra) - O tiger among men (addressing Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (O tiger among men, O best of men)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of nara-vyāghra

nara-vyāghra - tiger among men, chief of men, best of men, hero

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nara+vyāghra)

• nara – man, person, human being
  noun (masculine)
• vyāghra – tiger
  noun (masculine)

Note: Address to Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

हा (hā) - alas! (alas! oh! ah!)

(indeclinable)

Note: Exclamatory particle.

राजन् (rājan) - O king (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (O king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

Note: Address to Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

इति (iti) - thus (introducing a quote) (thus, so, in this manner)

(indeclinable)

Note: Quotative particle.

दुःखितः (duḥkhitaḥ) - distressed (Saṃjaya) (distressed, sorrowful, grieved)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duḥkhita

duḥkhita - distressed, grieved, sorrowful, afflicted

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the noun 'duḥkha' (suffering) or root 'duḥkh' (to suffer).

Note: Qualifies the implied subject (Saṃjaya).

अहो (aho) - Oh, alas! (Oh!, Ah!, Alas! (exclamation of wonder, sorrow, joy))

(indeclinable)

Note: Exclamatory particle.

बत (bata) - alas! (emphasizing sorrow) (Oh!, Alas!, indeed!)

(indeclinable)

Note: Exclamatory particle.

विविग्नाः (vivignāḥ) - greatly distressed (we are) (greatly agitated, distressed, disturbed, terrified)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vivigna

vivigna - greatly agitated, distressed, terrified, trembling, confused

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'vij' (to tremble, to be agitated) with prefix 'vi'.

Prefix: vi

Root: vij (class 6)

Note: Used with 'sma' to indicate a past or emphatic present state; implies 'we are'.

स्म (sma) - (particle indicating past tense for 'vivignāḥ' or emphasis of state) ((particle indicating past tense or emphasis))

(indeclinable)

Note: Often used with present tense verb to form past, but here with a participle, giving an emphatic 'we are indeed distressed'.

निधनेन (nidhanena) - by the death (by death, by destruction, by perishing)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of nidhana

nidhana - death, destruction, perishing, end

From 'ni-' + 'dhan' (related to 'han', to strike, kill), or 'dha' (to place) and 'ni'.

Note: Indicates the cause of distress.

महा-आत्मनः (mahā-ātmanaḥ) - of the great soul (mahā-ātman) (referring to Droṇa) (of the great soul, of the high-minded one)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of mahā-ātman

mahā-ātman - great soul, high-minded, noble, magnanimous person

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+ātman)

• mahā – great, mighty, large
  adjective
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essence
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to the deceased warrior, likely Droṇa.