महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-1, verse-18

दृष्ट्वैव च पुरो राजञ्जनः सर्वः स संजयम् ।
प्ररुरोद भृशोद्विग्नो हा राजन्निति सस्वरम् ॥१८॥

18. dṛṣṭvaiva ca puro rājañjanaḥ sarvaḥ sa saṁjayam ,
praruroda bhṛśodvigno hā rājanniti sasvaram.

18. dṛṣṭvā eva ca puras rājan janaḥ sarvaḥ sa sañjayam
praruruda bhṛśa-udvignaḥ hā rājan iti sa-svaram

18. rājan puras sañjayam dṛṣṭvā eva ca sa sarvaḥ janaḥ
bhṛśa-udvignaḥ hā rājan iti sa-svaram praruruda

18. O King, as soon as all those people saw Sanjaya before them, they, deeply distressed, wept loudly with cries of "Alas, O King!"

Words meanings summery:

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, after seeing

• एव (eva) - only, just, indeed, precisely

• च (ca) - and, also

• पुरस् (puras) - in front, before, eastward

• राजन् (rājan) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (implied recipient of Sanjaya's narration) (O King)

• जनः (janaḥ) - person, people, folk

• सर्वः (sarvaḥ) - all, entire, every

• स (sa) - that (he/she/it)

• सञ्जयम् (sañjayam) - Sanjaya

• प्ररुरुद (praruruda) - wept aloud, wailed

• भृश-उद्विग्नः (bhṛśa-udvignaḥ) - greatly agitated, extremely distressed

• हा (hā) - Alas!, Ah!, Oh!

• राजन् (rājan) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (implied recipient of Sanjaya's narration) (O King)

• इति (iti) - thus, so, in this manner (marks a quotation)

• स-स्वरम् (sa-svaram) - with a sound/voice, loudly

Words meanings and morphology

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, after seeing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from the root dṛś with the suffix -tvā.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

एव (eva) - only, just, indeed, precisely

(indeclinable)

An emphatic particle.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

पुरस् (puras) - in front, before, eastward

(indeclinable)

राजन् (rājan) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (implied recipient of Sanjaya's narration) (O King)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Addressed to Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

जनः (janaḥ) - person, people, folk

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jana

jana - person, man, creature, people

From root jan (to be born).

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: The collective 'people'.

सर्वः (sarvaḥ) - all, entire, every

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

Note: Agrees with 'janaḥ'.

स (sa) - that (he/she/it)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Nominative singular masculine form of the demonstrative pronoun 'tad'.

Note: Agrees with 'janaḥ'.

सञ्जयम् (sañjayam) - Sanjaya

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - Sanjaya (proper name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator of the Mahabharata)

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

प्ररुरुद (praruruda) - wept aloud, wailed

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of rud

Perfect Active

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice. Root 'rud' forms reduplicated perfect 'rurud' with the augment 'a'. The prefix 'pra-' intensifies the action.

Prefix: pra

Root: rud (class 2)

Note: Subject is 'janaḥ'.

भृश-उद्विग्नः (bhṛśa-udvignaḥ) - greatly agitated, extremely distressed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhṛśa-udvigna

bhṛśa-udvigna - greatly agitated, exceedingly distressed, much disturbed

Compound type : karmadhāraya (bhṛśa+udvigna)

• bhṛśa – excessive, much, greatly, exceedingly
  indeclinable
  Can function as an adverb or as the first part of a compound.
  Root: bhṛś (class 1)
• udvigna – agitated, anxious, distressed, alarmed
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Past Passive Participle of the root 'vij' (to tremble) with the prefix 'ud-'.
  Prefix: ud
  Root: vij (class 6)

Note: Agrees with 'janaḥ'.

हा (hā) - Alas!, Ah!, Oh!

(indeclinable)

राजन् (rājan) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (implied recipient of Sanjaya's narration) (O King)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Addressed to Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

इति (iti) - thus, so, in this manner (marks a quotation)

(indeclinable)

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Marks the end of the direct speech 'hā rājan'.

स-स्वरम् (sa-svaram) - with a sound/voice, loudly

(indeclinable)

Formed by prefixing 'sa-' (with, together with) to 'svara' (sound, voice).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sa+svara)

• sa – with, together with, accompanied by
  indeclinable
  A prefix indicating accompaniment or conjunction.
• svara – sound, voice, tone
  noun (masculine)
  Root: svṛ (class 1)

Note: Functions adverbially, describing how the weeping occurred.