महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-56, verse-41

नापि स्वे न परे योधाः प्राज्ञायन्त परस्परम् ।
घोरे शरान्धकारे तु कर्णास्त्रे च विजृम्भिते ॥४१॥

41. nāpi sve na pare yodhāḥ prājñāyanta parasparam ,
ghore śarāndhakāre tu karṇāstre ca vijṛmbhite.

41. na api sve na pare yodhāḥ prājñāyanta parasparam
ghore śara andhakāre tu karṇāstre ca vijṛmbhite

41. tu ghore śara andhakāre ca karṇāstre vijṛmbhite (sati),
sve (yodhāḥ) api na (prājñāyanta),
pare (yodhāḥ) na (prājñāyanta) parasparam

41. Neither their own warriors nor the enemy warriors could discern each other, especially in the terrible darkness created by arrows, and with Karṇa's missile (astra) being manifested.

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - not, no, nor

• अपि (api) - also, even, moreover, although

• स्वे (sve) - one's own (warriors) (one's own, in one's own, by one's own)

• न (na) - not, no, nor

• परे (pare) - enemy (warriors) (others, enemies, beyond)

• योधाः (yodhāḥ) - warriors, fighters

• प्राज्ञायन्त (prājñāyanta) - they were known, they were perceived, they were discerned

• परस्परम् (parasparam) - mutually, reciprocally, each other

• घोरे (ghore) - terrible, dreadful, fierce

• शर (śara) - arrow, reed

• अन्धकारे (andhakāre) - in darkness, gloom

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• कर्णास्त्रे (karṇāstre) - in Karṇa's missile, in Karṇa's weapon

• च (ca) - and, also

• विजृम्भिते (vijṛmbhite) - being displayed, being manifested, being unleashed

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - not, no, nor

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - also, even, moreover, although

(indeclinable)

स्वे (sve) - one's own (warriors) (one's own, in one's own, by one's own)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sva

sva - own, one's own, self, kinsman

Note: Here, 'sve' functions as an adjective modifying an implied 'yodhāḥ' (warriors), hence nominative plural masculine.

न (na) - not, no, nor

(indeclinable)

परे (pare) - enemy (warriors) (others, enemies, beyond)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of para

para - other, another, enemy, supreme

योधाः (yodhāḥ) - warriors, fighters

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of yodha

yodha - warrior, fighter

प्राज्ञायन्त (prājñāyanta) - they were known, they were perceived, they were discerned

(verb)

3rd person , plural, passive, past imperfect (laṅ) of jñā

Imperfect Passive

Root `jñā` (9th class), with prefixes `pra` + `ā`. Passive voice, 3rd person plural, imperfect tense.

Prefixes: pra+ā

Root: jñā (class 9)

परस्परम् (parasparam) - mutually, reciprocally, each other

(indeclinable)

घोरे (ghore) - terrible, dreadful, fierce

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of ghora

ghora - terrible, dreadful, fierce, awful

Note: Agrees with `andhakāre` in the locative absolute construction.

शर (śara) - arrow, reed

(noun)

masculine, singular of śara

śara - arrow, reed

Note: First part of the compound `śarāndhakāra`.

अन्धकारे (andhakāre) - in darkness, gloom

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of andhakāra

andhakāra - darkness, gloom

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śara+andhakāra)

• śara – arrow, reed
  noun (masculine)
• andhakāra – darkness, gloom
  noun (masculine)

Note: Forms a locative absolute construction with `ghore` and `vijṛmbhite`.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

कर्णास्त्रे (karṇāstre) - in Karṇa's missile, in Karṇa's weapon

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of karṇāstra

karṇāstra - Karṇa's missile, weapon of Karṇa

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (karṇa+astra)

• karṇa – ear, Karṇa (proper name)
  proper noun (masculine)
• astra – missile, weapon
  noun (neuter)

Note: Forms a locative absolute construction with `vijṛmbhite`.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

विजृम्भिते (vijṛmbhite) - being displayed, being manifested, being unleashed

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of vijṛmbhita

vijṛmbhita - displayed, manifested, yawned, expanded

Past Passive Participle

From root `jṛmbh` (1st class) with prefix `vi`. Past Passive Participle.

Prefix: vi

Root: jṛmbh (class 1)

Note: Forms a locative absolute construction with `karṇāstre`.