महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-63, verse-43

विराट उवाच ।
बहुशः प्रतिषिद्धोऽसि न च वाचं नियच्छसि ।
नियन्ता चेन्न विद्येत न कश्चिद्धर्ममाचरेत् ॥४३॥

43. virāṭa uvāca ,
bahuśaḥ pratiṣiddho'si na ca vācaṁ niyacchasi ,
niyantā cenna vidyeta na kaściddharmamācaret.

43. virāṭaḥ uvāca bahuśaḥ pratiṣiddhaḥ asi na ca vācam
niyacchasi niyantā cet na vidyeta na kaścit dharmam ācaret

43. Virata said: "You have been forbidden many times, yet you do not control your speech. If there were no controller, no one would practice righteousness (dharma)."

Words meanings summery:

• विराटः (virāṭaḥ) - Virata

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• बहुशः (bahuśaḥ) - many times, repeatedly, frequently

• प्रतिषिद्धः (pratiṣiddhaḥ) - forbidden, prohibited, prevented

• असि (asi) - you are

• न (na) - not, no

• च (ca) - and

• वाचम् (vācam) - speech, word

• नियच्छसि (niyacchasi) - you control, restrain

• नियन्ता (niyantā) - a controller, restrainer, charioteer

• चेत् (cet) - if, in case that

• न (na) - not

• विद्येत (vidyeta) - would exist, should be found

• न (na) - not

• कश्चित् (kaścit) - no one (in combination with 'na') (anyone, someone)

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - natural law (dharma), righteousness, duty

• आचरेत् (ācaret) - would practice, should observe

Words meanings and morphology

विराटः (virāṭaḥ) - Virata

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of virāṭa

virāṭa - Virata (name of the king of the Matsyas)

Root: rāj

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect tense

root 'vac' (strong form 'uvac') reduplicated 'uva' + perfect ending 'aca'

Root: vac (class 2)

बहुशः (bahuśaḥ) - many times, repeatedly, frequently

(indeclinable)

from 'bahu' (many) + suffix 'śaḥ' (indicating repetition or manner)

प्रतिषिद्धः (pratiṣiddhaḥ) - forbidden, prohibited, prevented

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pratiṣiddha

pratiṣiddha - forbidden, prohibited, prevented, repelled

Past Passive Participle

'prati' (prefix) + root 'sidh' (to repel, avert) + suffix '-ta'

Prefix: prati

Root: sidh (class 1)

असि (asi) - you are

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of as

root 'as' + present active second singular ending 'si'

Root: as (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

वाचम् (vācam) - speech, word

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vāc

vāc - speech, voice, word, language

Root: vac (class 2)

नियच्छसि (niyacchasi) - you control, restrain

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of yam

'ni' (prefix) + root 'yam' (class 1, often takes a reduplicated stem like 'yacch') + present active second singular ending 'si'

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

नियन्ता (niyantā) - a controller, restrainer, charioteer

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of niyantṛ

niyantṛ - controller, governor, charioteer, guide

Agent noun from 'ni-yam'

derived from 'ni-yam' with agent suffix 'tṛ'

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

चेत् (cet) - if, in case that

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

विद्येत (vidyeta) - would exist, should be found

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, optative (vidhiliṅ) of vid

Optative

root 'vid' (class 4) + optative ending 'īta' (ātmanepada)

Root: vid (class 4)

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

कश्चित् (kaścit) - no one (in combination with 'na') (anyone, someone)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kimcid

kimcid - anyone, someone, something (indefinite pronoun)

'kim' (interrogative pronoun) + 'cid' (indefinite particle)

धर्मम् (dharmam) - natural law (dharma), righteousness, duty

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue, constitution

from root 'dhṛ' (to hold, support)

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

आचरेत् (ācaret) - would practice, should observe

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of car

Optative

'ā' (prefix) + root 'car' + optative ending 'et'

Prefix: ā

Root: car (class 1)