महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-18, chapter-2, verse-39

अबुध्यमानस्ता वाचो धर्मपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः ।
उवाच के भवन्तो वै किमर्थमिह तिष्ठथ ॥३९॥

39. abudhyamānastā vāco dharmaputro yudhiṣṭhiraḥ ,
uvāca ke bhavanto vai kimarthamiha tiṣṭhatha.

39. abudhyamānaḥ tāḥ vācaḥ dharmaputraḥ yudhiṣṭhiraḥ
uvāca ke bhavantaḥ vai kim artham iha tiṣṭhatha

39. dharmaputraḥ yudhiṣṭhiraḥ tāḥ vācaḥ abudhyamānaḥ
uvāca bhavantaḥ ke vai kim artham iha tiṣṭhatha

39. Uncomprehending those voices, Yudhishthira, the son of (dharma), asked, "Who are you all, and for what purpose are you standing here?"

Words meanings summery:

• अबुध्यमानः (abudhyamānaḥ) - not understanding, not comprehending, unaware

• ताः (tāḥ) - referring to the voices (those)

• वाचः (vācaḥ) - voices (of the unseen beings) (words, voices, speech)

• धर्मपुत्रः (dharmaputraḥ) - referring to Yudhishthira as the son of (dharma) (son of (dharma), son of righteousness/natural law)

• युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - The eldest of the Pandavas (Yudhishthira)

• उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhishthira said (he said, spoke)

• के (ke) - referring to the unseen entities (who)

• भवन्तः (bhavantaḥ) - referring to the unseen entities (you (plural, polite))

• वै (vai) - indeed, certainly, surely (an emphatic particle)

• किम् (kim) - part of 'for what purpose' (what, why)

• अर्थम् (artham) - for what purpose (purpose, meaning, for the sake of)

• इह (iha) - here, in this world

• तिष्ठथ (tiṣṭhatha) - you stand, you remain

Words meanings and morphology

अबुध्यमानः (abudhyamānaḥ) - not understanding, not comprehending, unaware

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of abudhyamāna

abudhyamāna - not understanding, unaware, ignorant

Present Active Participle

From a- (negation) + passive voice of √budh (to know, perceive, understand) + śānac suffix; used actively here.

Root: budh (class 1)

ताः (tāḥ) - referring to the voices (those)

(pronoun)

Accusative, feminine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

वाचः (vācaḥ) - voices (of the unseen beings) (words, voices, speech)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, plural of vāc

vāc - word, voice, speech

धर्मपुत्रः (dharmaputraḥ) - referring to Yudhishthira as the son of (dharma) (son of (dharma), son of righteousness/natural law)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmaputra

dharmaputra - son of (dharma), son of righteousness

Compound type : tatpurusha (dharma+putra)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, righteousness, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• putra – son
  noun (masculine)

युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - The eldest of the Pandavas (Yudhishthira)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - firm in battle (a proper noun for the eldest Pandava)

From yudhi (locative of yudh, in battle) + sthira (firm).

Compound type : aluk tatpurusha (yudh+sthira)

• yudh – battle, fight
  noun (feminine)
• sthira – firm, steady, stable
  adjective (masculine)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhishthira said (he said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Tense (Liṭ)

3rd person singular, active voice, Perfect tense. Shows reduplication u- for perfect tense.

Root: vac (class 2)

के (ke) - referring to the unseen entities (who)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kim

kim - who, what

Interrogative pronoun.

भवन्तः (bhavantaḥ) - referring to the unseen entities (you (plural, polite))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bhavat

bhavat - you (polite term of address); being, existing

Present Active Participle

From √bhū, present participle, used as an honorific second person pronoun.

Root: bhū (class 1)

वै (vai) - indeed, certainly, surely (an emphatic particle)

(indeclinable)

किम् (kim) - part of 'for what purpose' (what, why)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kim

kim - what, who, why

Interrogative pronoun.

Note: In 'kimartham', 'kim' (what) combines with 'artham' (purpose).

अर्थम् (artham) - for what purpose (purpose, meaning, for the sake of)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of artha

artha - purpose, meaning, object, wealth, for the sake of

Accusative singular used adverbially to mean 'for the sake of'.

इह (iha) - here, in this world

(indeclinable)

तिष्ठथ (tiṣṭhatha) - you stand, you remain

(verb)

2nd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of sthā

Present Tense (Laṭ)

2nd person plural, active voice, Present tense. Shows reduplication tiṣṭh- for present stem.

Root: sthā (class 1)