महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-9, verse-30

तक्षोवाच ।
क्रूरेण नापत्रपसे कथं शक्रेह कर्मणा ।
ऋषिपुत्रमिमं हत्वा ब्रह्महत्याभयं न ते ॥३०॥

30. takṣovāca ,
krūreṇa nāpatrapase kathaṁ śakreha karmaṇā ,
ṛṣiputramimaṁ hatvā brahmahatyābhayaṁ na te.

30. takṣovāca krūreṇa na apatrapase katham śakra iha
karmaṇā ṛṣiputram imam hatvā brahmahatyābhayām na te

30. Takṣa said: "O Indra, how are you not ashamed of this cruel deed (karma)? Having killed this son of a sage, do you have no fear of the sin of brahmin-killing?"

Words meanings summery:

• तक्षोवाच (takṣovāca) - Takṣa said

• क्रूरेण (krūreṇa) - by cruel

• न (na) - not, no

• अपत्रपसे (apatrapase) - you are ashamed, you feel shame

• कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

• शक्र (śakra) - O Indra

• इह (iha) - here, in this world

• कर्मणा (karmaṇā) - by action, by deed (karma)

• ऋषिपुत्रम् (ṛṣiputram) - son of a sage

• इमम् (imam) - this

• हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed, after killing

• ब्रह्महत्याभयाम् (brahmahatyābhayām) - fear of brahmin-killing

• न (na) - not, no

• ते (te) - to you, by you

Words meanings and morphology

तक्षोवाच (takṣovāca) - Takṣa said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of takṣa-uvāca

Perfect Tense

From root vac (to speak), 3rd person singular perfect active. Joined with proper noun takṣa.

Root: vac (class 2)

Compound type : nominal-verbal compound (takṣa+uvāca)

• takṣa – Takṣa
  proper noun (masculine)
• uvāca – he said
  verb
  Perfect Tense
  3rd person singular perfect active of root vac.
  Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Combination of the proper noun Takṣa and the verb uvāca (said)

क्रूरेण (krūreṇa) - by cruel

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of krūra

krūra - cruel, fierce, harsh

Note: Qualifies karmaṇā.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

अपत्रपसे (apatrapase) - you are ashamed, you feel shame

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of apa-trap

Present Tense

2nd person singular present middle (ātmanepada) of root trap with prefix apa.

Prefix: apa

Root: trap (class 1)

कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb.

शक्र (śakra) - O Indra

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of śakra

śakra - mighty, powerful (adj.); Indra (proper noun)

An epithet and name of Indra.

Note: Direct address to Indra.

इह (iha) - here, in this world

(indeclinable)

Adverb of place.

कर्मणा (karmaṇā) - by action, by deed (karma)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of karman

karman - action, deed, work, ritual action (karma)

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Causal instrumental 'by reason of this deed'.

ऋषिपुत्रम् (ṛṣiputram) - son of a sage

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ṛṣiputra

ṛṣiputra - son of a sage

tatpuruṣa compound of ṛṣi (sage) and putra (son).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ṛṣi+putra)

• ṛṣi – sage, seer, inspired poet
  noun (masculine)
• putra – son
  noun (masculine)

Note: Object of hatvā.

इमम् (imam) - this

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Qualifies ṛṣiputram.

हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed, after killing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root han + suffix -tvā.

Root: han (class 2)

ब्रह्महत्याभयाम् (brahmahatyābhayām) - fear of brahmin-killing

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of brahmahatyābhaya

brahmahatyābhaya - fear of killing a Brahmin, fear of sacrilege

tatpuruṣa compound of brahmahatyā (brahmin-killing, sacrilege) and bhaya (fear).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (brahmahatyā+bhaya)

• brahmahatyā – the murder of a Brahmin, sacrilege, gravest sin
  noun (feminine)
  Compound of brahman (Brahmin) and hatyā (killing).
• bhaya – fear, dread, apprehension
  noun (neuter)
  Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Subject of the implied verb 'is'.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

ते (te) - to you, by you

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of tvad

tvad - you

Enclitic form of the second person singular pronoun.

Note: Genitive sense 'of you', or dative 'to you'. Often equivalent to 'you have'.