महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-173, verse-42

ये केचन स्वध्ययनाः प्राप्ता यजनयाजनम् ।
कथं ते जातु शोचेयुर्ध्यायेयुर्वाप्यशोभनम् ॥४२॥

42. ye kecana svadhyayanāḥ prāptā yajanayājanam ,
kathaṁ te jātu śoceyurdhyāyeyurvāpyaśobhanam.

42. ye kecana svadhyayanāḥ prāptāḥ yajana-yājanam
katham te jātu śoceyuḥ dhyāyeyuḥ vā api aśobhanam

42. ye kecana svadhyayanāḥ yajana-yājanam prāptāḥ te
jātu katham śoceyuḥ vā api aśobhanam dhyāyeyuḥ

42. How could those who, through their own study, have attained the performance of Vedic rituals (yajña) and the causing of others to perform them, ever grieve or even contemplate anything inauspicious?

Words meanings summery:

• ये (ye) - who, those who

• केचन (kecana) - some, any, certain

• स्वध्ययनाः (svadhyayanāḥ) - those who have performed self-study

• प्राप्ताः (prāptāḥ) - attained, reached, obtained

• यजन-याजनम् (yajana-yājanam) - the act of performing sacrifices and causing others to perform sacrifices

• कथम् (katham) - how? why?

• ते (te) - they

• जातु (jātu) - ever, at any time

• शोचेयुः (śoceyuḥ) - they should grieve, mourn

• ध्यायेयुः (dhyāyeyuḥ) - they should meditate (dhyāna), think

• वा (vā) - or

• अपि (api) - even, also, too

• अशोभनम् (aśobhanam) - inauspicious, unlucky, bad, ugly

Words meanings and morphology

ये (ye) - who, those who

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of yad

yad - who, which, what (relative pronoun)

केचन (kecana) - some, any, certain

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kimcana

kimcana - someone, something, anyone, anything

From 'kim' (what, who) + 'cana' (an enclitic particle).

स्वध्ययनाः (svadhyayanāḥ) - those who have performed self-study

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of svādhyāyana

svādhyāyana - self-study, study of one's own Veda (often implies the person performing it)

From 'sva' (own) + 'adhyāyana' (studying). Here functioning adjectivally to describe those who have done self-study.

Compound type : tatpurusha (sva+adhyāyana)

• sva – own, self, one's own
  pronoun (masculine)
• adhyāyana – studying, reading, act of studying
  noun (neuter)
  From 'adhi' + root 'i' (to go, study) + suffix 'ana'.
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Adjectival usage.

प्राप्ताः (prāptāḥ) - attained, reached, obtained

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of prāpta

prāpta - attained, reached, obtained, acquired

Past Passive Participle

From 'pra' + root 'āp' (to obtain, reach) + suffix 'ta'.

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

यजन-याजनम् (yajana-yājanam) - the act of performing sacrifices and causing others to perform sacrifices

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of yajana-yājana

yajana-yājana - performing sacrifices and causing others to perform sacrifices (yajña)

Dvandva compound of 'yajana' (act of sacrificing) and 'yājana' (causing to sacrifice). Both are verbal nouns from root 'yaj'.

Compound type : dvandva (yajana+yājana)

• yajana – performing sacrifice, act of sacrificing
  noun (neuter)
  Verbal noun from root 'yaj'.
  Root: yaj (class 1)
• yājana – causing to sacrifice, officiation at sacrifices
  noun (neuter)
  Causative verbal noun from root 'yaj'.
  Root: yaj (class 1)

कथम् (katham) - how? why?

(indeclinable)

ते (te) - they

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it (demonstrative/personal pronoun)

जातु (jātu) - ever, at any time

(indeclinable)

शोचेयुः (śoceyuḥ) - they should grieve, mourn

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of śuc

Root: śuc (class 1)

Note: Used with 'katham' to express impossibility.

ध्यायेयुः (dhyāyeyuḥ) - they should meditate (dhyāna), think

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of dhyā

From root 'dhyā' (often derived from 'dhyai').

Root: dhyā (class 1)

Note: Used with 'katham' to express impossibility.

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - even, also, too

(indeclinable)

अशोभनम् (aśobhanam) - inauspicious, unlucky, bad, ugly

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of aśobhana

aśobhana - inauspicious, unlucky, bad, ugly, not beautiful

Negative prefix 'a-' + 'śobhana' (beautiful, auspicious).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+śobhana)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• śobhana – beautiful, auspicious, shining, good
  adjective (neuter)
  From root 'śubh' (to shine, be beautiful) + suffix 'ana'.
  Root: śubh (class 1)