महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-71, verse-1

जनमेजय उवाच ।
ययातिः पूर्वकोऽस्माकं दशमो यः प्रजापतेः ।
कथं स शुक्रतनयां लेभे परमदुर्लभाम् ॥१॥

1. janamejaya uvāca ,
yayātiḥ pūrvako'smākaṁ daśamo yaḥ prajāpateḥ ,
kathaṁ sa śukratanayāṁ lebhe paramadurlabhām.

1. janamejaya uvāca yayātiḥ pūrvakaḥ asmākam daśamaḥ yaḥ
prajāpateḥ katham saḥ śukratanayām lebhe paramadurlabhām

1. Janamejaya said: "Yayāti, our ancestor, who was the tenth (in lineage) from Prajāpati—how did he obtain Śukra's daughter, who was exceedingly rare?"

1. ג׳ַנַמֵג׳ַיַה אמר, יַיָאטִי היה אבי אבותינו, העשירי אחרי פְּרַג׳ָאפַּטִי. איך השיג את בתו של שׁוּקְרַה, שקשה כל כך להשיג?

Words meanings summery:

• जनमेजय (janamejaya) - Janamejaya (Janamejaya (proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

• ययातिः (yayātiḥ) - King Yayāti (Yayāti (name))

• पूर्वकः (pūrvakaḥ) - our ancestor (former, first, ancestor, predecessor)

• अस्माकम् (asmākam) - our (of us, our)

• दशमः (daśamaḥ) - tenth (in lineage) (tenth)

• यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

• प्रजापतेः (prajāpateḥ) - of Prajāpati

• कथम् (katham) - how? (how? in what manner?)

• सः (saḥ) - he (Yayāti) (he, that)

• शुक्रतनयाम् (śukratanayām) - Śukra's daughter (Devayānī) (daughter of Śukra)

• लेभे (lebhe) - obtained (obtained, received, gained)

• परमदुर्लभाम् (paramadurlabhām) - exceedingly rare/difficult to obtain (extremely rare, most difficult to obtain)

Words meanings and morphology

जनमेजय (janamejaya) - Janamejaya (Janamejaya (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of janamejaya

janamejaya - name of a king, a descendant of the Pāṇḍavas

Note: Subject of `uvāca`.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of uvāca

Perfect

Perfect, 3rd person singular, active

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Introduces Janamejaya's speech.

ययातिः (yayātiḥ) - King Yayāti (Yayāti (name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yayāti

yayāti - a proper noun, name of a famous king

Note: Subject of the question.

पूर्वकः (pūrvakaḥ) - our ancestor (former, first, ancestor, predecessor)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pūrvaka

pūrvaka - former, first, preceding, ancestor, progenitor

derived from pūrva (former, prior)

अस्माकम् (asmākam) - our (of us, our)

(pronoun)

Genitive, plural of asmad

asmad - I, we

1st person pronoun stem

Note: Qualifies `pūrvakaḥ`.

दशमः (daśamaḥ) - tenth (in lineage) (tenth)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of daśama

daśama - tenth

ordinal number from daśan (ten)

यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Relative pronoun stem

Note: Introduces a relative clause modifying `yayātiḥ`.

प्रजापतेः (prajāpateḥ) - of Prajāpati

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of prajāpati

prajāpati - lord of creation, a creator god, progenitor, ancestor

Compound: prajā (offspring, creatures) + pati (lord, master)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (prajā+pati)

• prajā – progeny, offspring, creatures, subjects
  noun (feminine)
• pati – lord, master, husband, owner
  noun (masculine)

Note: Source of descent for 'tenth'.

कथम् (katham) - how? (how? in what manner?)

(indeclinable)

interrogative adverb

सः (saḥ) - he (Yayāti) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun stem

Note: Subject of `lebhe`.

शुक्रतनयाम् (śukratanayām) - Śukra's daughter (Devayānī) (daughter of Śukra)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of śukratanayā

śukratanayā - daughter of Śukra (proper name)

Compound: Śukra (name of a sage/deity) + tanayā (daughter)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śukra+tanayā)

• śukra – bright, clear, white; the planet Venus; name of a sage, preceptor of the Asuras
  proper noun (masculine)
• tanayā – daughter
  noun (feminine)
  derived from √tan (to stretch, extend) + aka (suffix), then feminine form
  Root: tan (class 8)

Note: Object of `lebhe`.

लेभे (lebhe) - obtained (obtained, received, gained)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, perfect (lit) of lebhe

Perfect

Perfect, 3rd person singular, middle voice

Root: labh (class 1)

Note: Main verb of the question.

परमदुर्लभाम् (paramadurlabhām) - exceedingly rare/difficult to obtain (extremely rare, most difficult to obtain)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of paramadurlabhā

paramadurlabhā - extremely difficult to obtain, exceedingly rare, most inaccessible

Karmadhāraya compound: parama (supreme, utmost) + durlabhā (difficult to obtain); durlabhā is from dur (difficult) + √labh (to obtain)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (parama+durlabhā)

• parama – supreme, highest, ultimate, greatest, most excellent
  adjective
• durlabhā – difficult to obtain, rare, inaccessible
  adjective (feminine)
  Gerundive/adjective
  Compound: dur (bad, difficult) + labha (to be obtained, obtainable)
  Prefix: dur
  Root: labh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `śukratanayām`.

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