महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-90, verse-48

ते वध्यमानाः समरे हार्दिक्येन स्म पाण्डवाः ।
इतश्चेतश्च धावन्तो नैव चक्रुर्धृतिं रणे ॥४८॥

48. te vadhyamānāḥ samare hārdikyena sma pāṇḍavāḥ ,
itaścetaśca dhāvanto naiva cakrurdhṛtiṁ raṇe.

48. te vadhyamānāḥ samare hārdikyena sma pāṇḍavāḥ itaḥ
ca itaḥ ca dhāvantaḥ na eva cakruḥ dhṛtim raṇe

48. samare hārdikyena vadhyamānāḥ te pāṇḍavāḥ itaḥ ca
itaḥ ca dhāvantaḥ raṇe dhṛtim na eva cakruḥ sma

48. The Pāṇḍavas, being severely pressed in battle by Hārdikya, ran here and there and were utterly unable to maintain their resolve in the fight.

Words meanings summery:

• ते (te) - the Pāṇḍavas (they, those)

• वध्यमानाः (vadhyamānāḥ) - being severely pressed, being attacked (being struck, being killed, being tormented)

• समरे (samare) - in the battle (in battle, in war, in conflict)

• हार्दिक्येन (hārdikyena) - by Hārdikya (Kṛtavarman, a prominent Kaurava warrior) (by Hārdikya, by Kṛtavarman)

• स्म (sma) - indeed, indicating a past continuous or emphatic action (indeed, verily, intensifier for past action)

• पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the five Pāṇḍava brothers (the Pāṇḍavas, sons of Pāṇḍu)

• इतः (itaḥ) - hither (from here, hither, here)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• इतः (itaḥ) - thither (as part of 'hither and thither') (from here, hither, here)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• धावन्तः (dhāvantaḥ) - running in disarray (running, fleeing, rushing)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• एव (eva) - at all, utterly (indeed, only, very, at all)

• चक्रुः (cakruḥ) - they maintained (they did, they made, they maintained)

• धृतिम् (dhṛtim) - resolve, courage (firmness, steadfastness, courage, resolve)

• रणे (raṇe) - in the fight (in battle, in war)

Words meanings and morphology

ते (te) - the Pāṇḍavas (they, those)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

वध्यमानाः (vadhyamānāḥ) - being severely pressed, being attacked (being struck, being killed, being tormented)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vadhyamāna

vadhyamāna - being struck, being killed, being tormented

Present Passive Participle

Derived from root han (to strike, kill) with suffix -ya (passive) and -māna (present participle)

Root: han (class 2)

Note: participle functioning as adjective

समरे (samare) - in the battle (in battle, in war, in conflict)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of samara

samara - battle, war, conflict

हार्दिक्येन (hārdikyena) - by Hārdikya (Kṛtavarman, a prominent Kaurava warrior) (by Hārdikya, by Kṛtavarman)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of hārdikya

hārdikya - son of Hṛdika, Kṛtavarman

Patronymic from Hṛdika

स्म (sma) - indeed, indicating a past continuous or emphatic action (indeed, verily, intensifier for past action)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used to turn a present tense verb into a past tense, or here, to emphasize a past action.

पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the five Pāṇḍava brothers (the Pāṇḍavas, sons of Pāṇḍu)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, son of Pāṇḍu

Patronymic from Pāṇḍu

इतः (itaḥ) - hither (from here, hither, here)

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

इतः (itaḥ) - thither (as part of 'hither and thither') (from here, hither, here)

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

धावन्तः (dhāvantaḥ) - running in disarray (running, fleeing, rushing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dhāvant

dhāvant - running, fleeing

Present Active Participle

Derived from root dhāv (to run) with suffix -at

Root: dhāv (class 1)

Note: participle functioning as adjective

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - at all, utterly (indeed, only, very, at all)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle

चक्रुः (cakruḥ) - they maintained (they did, they made, they maintained)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of kṛ

Perfect 3rd Plural Active

Reduplicated perfect form of root kṛ

Root: kṛ (class 8)

धृतिम् (dhṛtim) - resolve, courage (firmness, steadfastness, courage, resolve)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of dhṛti

dhṛti - firmness, steadfastness, courage, resolve, patience

Derived from root dhṛ (to hold, support)

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

रणे (raṇe) - in the fight (in battle, in war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, fight, war