महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-15, verse-48

सूर्ये चास्तमनुप्राप्ते रजसा चाभिसंवृते ।
नाज्ञायत तदा शत्रुर्न सुहृन्न च किंचन ॥४८॥

48. sūrye cāstamanuprāpte rajasā cābhisaṁvṛte ,
nājñāyata tadā śatrurna suhṛnna ca kiṁcana.

48. sūrye ca astam anuprāpte rajasā ca abhisaṃvṛte
| na ajñāyata tadā śatruḥ na suhṛt na ca kiṃcana

48. sūrye ca astam anuprāpte rajasā ca abhisaṃvṛte
tadā śatruḥ na suhṛt na ca kiṃcana na ajñāyata

48. And with the sun having set, and the area enveloped in dust, then neither enemy nor friend nor anything else could be recognized.

Words meanings summery:

• सूर्ये (sūrye) - with the sun (as a locative absolute construction) (in the sun, with the sun)

• च (ca) - and, also

• अस्तम् (astam) - the setting (of the sun) (setting, home, western mountain (often implies 'to set' with verbs of motion))

• अनुप्राप्ते (anuprāpte) - having set (reached the setting point) (having reached, arrived at)

• रजसा (rajasā) - by the battlefield dust (by dust, by darkness)

• च (ca) - and, also

• अभिसंवृते (abhisaṁvṛte) - covered, enveloped

• न (na) - not, no, nor

• अज्ञायत (ajñāyata) - could be recognized (was known, recognized)

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• शत्रुः (śatruḥ) - enemy

• न (na) - not, no, nor

• सुहृत् (suhṛt) - friend, well-wisher

• न (na) - not, no, nor

• च (ca) - and, also

• किंचन (kiṁcana) - anything, whatsoever, nothing (with negation)

Words meanings and morphology

सूर्ये (sūrye) - with the sun (as a locative absolute construction) (in the sun, with the sun)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of sūrya

sūrya - sun, sun-god

Note: Part of a locative absolute construction.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

अस्तम् (astam) - the setting (of the sun) (setting, home, western mountain (often implies 'to set' with verbs of motion))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of asta

asta - home, setting (of sun/moon), western mountain

Note: Functions adverbially or as direct object of a verb of motion (implied with `anuprāpte`).

अनुप्राप्ते (anuprāpte) - having set (reached the setting point) (having reached, arrived at)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of anuprāpta

anuprāpta - obtained, reached, attained

Past Passive Participle

From root √āp (to obtain) with prefix anu-pra-

Prefixes: anu+pra

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: Part of a locative absolute construction, agrees with `sūrye`.

रजसा (rajasā) - by the battlefield dust (by dust, by darkness)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, gloom, passion, world, atmosphere

Note: Agent of the passive participle `abhisaṃvṛte`.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

अभिसंवृते (abhisaṁvṛte) - covered, enveloped

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of abhisaṃvṛta

abhisaṁvṛta - covered, enveloped, surrounded

Past Passive Participle

From root √vṛ (to cover) with prefixes abhi-sam-

Prefixes: abhi+sam

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Part of a locative absolute construction, referring to the battlefield or situation. Agrees in form with `sūrye`.

न (na) - not, no, nor

(indeclinable)

अज्ञायत (ajñāyata) - could be recognized (was known, recognized)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, imperfect (laṅ) of jñā

Imperfect Passive

3rd person singular, Imperfect, passive voice, middle ending -ta, from root √jñā

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: The initial 'a-' is the augment for imperfect tense.

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

शत्रुः (śatruḥ) - enemy

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śatru

śatru - enemy, foe, adversary

Note: Subject of passive verb `ajñāyata`.

न (na) - not, no, nor

(indeclinable)

सुहृत् (suhṛt) - friend, well-wisher

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of suhṛd

suhṛd - friend, well-wisher, benevolent person

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (su+hṛd)

• su – good, excellent, well
  indeclinable
• hṛd – heart, mind
  noun (neuter)

Note: Subject of passive verb `ajñāyata`.

न (na) - not, no, nor

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

किंचन (kiṁcana) - anything, whatsoever, nothing (with negation)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kiṃcana

kiṁcana - anything, something; (with neg.) nothing

Note: Used with 'na' to mean "nothing whatsoever".