महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-121, verse-9

धर्मस्याख्या महाराज व्यवहार इतीष्यते ।
तस्य लोपः कथं न स्याल्लोकेष्ववहितात्मनः ।
इत्यर्थं व्यवहारस्य व्यवहारत्वमिष्यते ॥९॥

9. dharmasyākhyā mahārāja vyavahāra itīṣyate ,
tasya lopaḥ kathaṁ na syāllokeṣvavahitātmanaḥ ,
ityarthaṁ vyavahārasya vyavahāratvamiṣyate.

9. dharmasya ākhyā mahārāja vyavahāraḥ
iti iṣyate tasya lopaḥ kathaṃ na
syāt lokeṣu avahitātmanaḥ iti artham
vyavahārasya vyavahāratvam iṣyate

9. mahārāja dharmasya ākhyā vyavahāraḥ
iti iṣyate tasya avahitātmanaḥ
lopaḥ lokeṣu kathaṃ na syāt iti artham
vyavahārasya vyavahāratvam iṣyate

9. Bhishma said: O great king, the designation for `dharma` (natural law) is considered to be 'administration' (vyavahāra). How can the transgression of that (dharma or vyavahāra) not occur among the people, for (the sake of) that with an attentive constitution (ātman)? Therefore, the true nature of administration (vyavahāra) is desired to be established.

Words meanings summery:

• धर्मस्य (dharmasya) - of dharma, of natural law, of righteousness

• आख्या (ākhyā) - name, designation, appellation

• महाराज (mahārāja) - O Yudhishthira, great king (O great king)

• व्यवहारः (vyavahāraḥ) - administration, legal or practical application (administration, conduct, practice, usage, legal proceeding)

• इति (iti) - thus, so, as

• इष्यते (iṣyate) - is desired, is considered, is held

• तस्य (tasya) - of that (dharma/vyavahāra) (its, of that)

• लोपः (lopaḥ) - transgression, violation, failure (loss, disappearance, transgression, failure)

• कथं (kathaṁ) - how, in what manner

• न (na) - not

• स्यात् (syāt) - may be, should be, would be

• लोकेषु (lokeṣu) - among the people (subjects) (among the people, in the worlds)

• अवहितात्मनः (avahitātmanaḥ) - of the attentive (governance/ruler) (of the attentive one, of one with an attentive intrinsic nature (ātman))

• इति (iti) - thus, so

• अर्थम् (artham) - purpose, reason (purpose, meaning, for the sake of)

• व्यवहारस्य (vyavahārasya) - of administration, of conduct

• व्यवहारत्वम् (vyavahāratvam) - the true nature or essence of administration (the state of being administration/conduct, the essence of administration)

• इष्यते (iṣyate) - is desired, is sought, is considered

Words meanings and morphology

धर्मस्य (dharmasya) - of dharma, of natural law, of righteousness

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, righteousness, duty, virtue, constitution, essential nature

From root 'dhṛ' (to uphold, sustain).

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Possessive, 'of dharma'.

आख्या (ākhyā) - name, designation, appellation

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of ākhyā

ākhyā - name, designation, appellation, fame

From ā-khyā (to name, tell).

Prefix: ā

Root: khyā (class 2)

Note: Subject of the clause.

महाराज (mahārāja) - O Yudhishthira, great king (O great king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahārāja

mahārāja - great king, emperor

Tatpurusha compound of 'mahā' (great) and 'rājan' (king).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+rājan)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• rājan – king, ruler, sovereign
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Address to Yudhishthira.

व्यवहारः (vyavahāraḥ) - administration, legal or practical application (administration, conduct, practice, usage, legal proceeding)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vyavahāra

vyavahāra - conduct, practice, usage, custom, administration, legal proceeding, transaction

From vi-ava-hṛ (to act, behave, deal with).

Prefixes: vi+ava

Root: hṛ (class 1)

इति (iti) - thus, so, as

(indeclinable)

Particle.

इष्यते (iṣyate) - is desired, is considered, is held

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present indicative (laṭ) of iṣ

Root in 4th conjugation, passive voice.

Root: iṣ (class 4)

तस्य (tasya) - of that (dharma/vyavahāra) (its, of that)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to `dharma` / `vyavahāra`.

लोपः (lopaḥ) - transgression, violation, failure (loss, disappearance, transgression, failure)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of lopa

lopa - cutting off, omission, loss, disappearance, destruction, transgression, neglect

From root 'lup' (to cut off, break).

Root: lup (class 6)

Note: Subject of 'syāt'.

कथं (kathaṁ) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb.

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

स्यात् (syāt) - may be, should be, would be

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of as

Root verb.

Root: as (class 2)

लोकेषु (lokeṣu) - among the people (subjects) (among the people, in the worlds)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of loka

loka - world, people, mankind, region

Note: Locative plural, 'among the people'.

अवहितात्मनः (avahitātmanaḥ) - of the attentive (governance/ruler) (of the attentive one, of one with an attentive intrinsic nature (ātman))

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of avahitātman

avahitātman - attentive, careful, self-possessed, having an attentive self/nature/constitution

Bahuvrihi compound of 'avahita' (attentive) and 'ātman' (self/nature).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (avahita+ātman)

• avahita – attentive, intent, placed, fixed
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From ava-dhā (to place, fix, attend).
  Prefix: ava
  Root: dhā (class 3)
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essential nature, constitution
  noun (masculine)

Note: Can refer to the ruler or to `dharma`/`vyavahāra` personified as attentive.

इति (iti) - thus, so

(indeclinable)

Particle.

Note: Used here as part of `ityartham`.

अर्थम् (artham) - purpose, reason (purpose, meaning, for the sake of)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of artha

artha - meaning, purpose, object, aim, wealth, property, thing

Note: In compound `ityartham` (for this purpose).

व्यवहारस्य (vyavahārasya) - of administration, of conduct

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of vyavahāra

vyavahāra - conduct, practice, usage, custom, administration, legal proceeding, transaction

From vi-ava-hṛ (to act, behave, deal with).

Prefixes: vi+ava

Root: hṛ (class 1)

व्यवहारत्वम् (vyavahāratvam) - the true nature or essence of administration (the state of being administration/conduct, the essence of administration)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vyavahāratva

vyavahāratva - the state or quality of being administration, conduct, or usage

Abstract noun formed with the suffix '-tva' from 'vyavahāra'.

Note: Subject of 'iṣyate'.

इष्यते (iṣyate) - is desired, is sought, is considered

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present indicative (laṭ) of iṣ

Root in 4th conjugation, passive voice.

Root: iṣ (class 4)