महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-121, verse-8

भीष्म उवाच ।
शृणु कौरव्य यो दण्डो व्यवहार्यो यथा च सः ।
यस्मिन्हि सर्वमायत्तं स दण्ड इह केवलः ॥८॥

8. bhīṣma uvāca ,
śṛṇu kauravya yo daṇḍo vyavahāryo yathā ca saḥ ,
yasminhi sarvamāyattaṁ sa daṇḍa iha kevalaḥ.

8. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca śṛṇu kauravya yaḥ daṇḍaḥ vyavahāryaḥ yathā
ca saḥ yasmin hi sarvam āyattam saḥ daṇḍaḥ iha kevalaḥ

8. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca kauravya śṛṇu yaḥ daṇḍaḥ vyavahāryaḥ ca
yathā saḥ yasmin hi sarvam āyattam saḥ daṇḍaḥ iha kevalaḥ

8. Bhishma said: Listen, O Kaurava, to what the governance (daṇḍa) that is to be administered is, and how it functions. Indeed, everything is dependent on that (daṇḍa); that governance (daṇḍa) is truly the only essential principle here in this world.

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (the speaker) (Bhishma)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• शृणु (śṛṇu) - listen, hear

• कौरव्य (kauravya) - O Yudhishthira, descendant of Kuru (O descendant of Kuru, O Kaurava)

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which

• दण्डः (daṇḍaḥ) - governance, punishment, authority

• व्यवहार्यः (vyavahāryaḥ) - to be administered, to be dealt with, practicable

• यथा (yathā) - as, how, in which manner

• च (ca) - and, also

• सः (saḥ) - that (governance) (he, that)

• यस्मिन् (yasmin) - in which (governance) (in which, wherein)

• हि (hi) - indeed, for, surely

• सर्वम् (sarvam) - all, everything

• आयत्तम् (āyattam) - dependent, subject to, controlled by

• सः (saḥ) - that (governance) (he, that)

• दण्डः (daṇḍaḥ) - governance, punishment, authority

• इह (iha) - here, in this world

• केवलः (kevalaḥ) - the sole essential principle (alone, only, sole, exclusive, sheer)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (the speaker) (Bhishma)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (a character in the Mahabharata)

Root: bhīṣ (class 1)

Note: Speaker of the verse.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense (liṭ).

Root: vac (class 2)

शृणु (śṛṇu) - listen, hear

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of śru

Root in 5th conjugation.

Root: śru (class 5)

कौरव्य (kauravya) - O Yudhishthira, descendant of Kuru (O descendant of Kuru, O Kaurava)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of kauravya

kauravya - a descendant of Kuru, belonging to the Kuru lineage

Patronymic derivative from 'Kuru'.

यः (yaḥ) - who, which

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Relative pronoun.

Note: Refers to `daṇḍaḥ`.

दण्डः (daṇḍaḥ) - governance, punishment, authority

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of daṇḍa

daṇḍa - rod, staff, mace, punishment, penalty, governance, rule, authority

From root 'daṇḍ' (to punish).

Root: daṇḍ (class 10)

Note: Subject.

व्यवहार्यः (vyavahāryaḥ) - to be administered, to be dealt with, practicable

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vyavahārya

vyavahārya - to be used, to be administered, to be practiced, practicable

Gerundive

From root 'hṛ' with prefixes 'vi' and 'ava', then causative suffix 'āy' and 'ṇyat' suffix.

Prefixes: vi+ava

Root: hṛ (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for `daṇḍaḥ`.

यथा (yathā) - as, how, in which manner

(indeclinable)

Adverb.

Note: Introduces a clause.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

सः (saḥ) - that (governance) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to `daṇḍaḥ`.

यस्मिन् (yasmin) - in which (governance) (in which, wherein)

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Relative pronoun.

Note: Refers to `daṇḍaḥ`.

हि (hi) - indeed, for, surely

(indeclinable)

Particle.

सर्वम् (sarvam) - all, everything

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

Universal pronoun.

Note: Subject of 'āyattam'.

आयत्तम् (āyattam) - dependent, subject to, controlled by

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of āyatta

āyatta - dependent, subject to, controlled by, belonging to

Past Passive Participle

From ā-yat (to stretch towards, extend, control).

Prefix: ā

Root: yat (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for `sarvam`.

सः (saḥ) - that (governance) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to `daṇḍaḥ`.

दण्डः (daṇḍaḥ) - governance, punishment, authority

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of daṇḍa

daṇḍa - rod, staff, mace, punishment, penalty, governance, rule, authority

From root 'daṇḍ' (to punish).

Root: daṇḍ (class 10)

Note: Subject.

इह (iha) - here, in this world

(indeclinable)

Adverb of place.

केवलः (kevalaḥ) - the sole essential principle (alone, only, sole, exclusive, sheer)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kevala

kevala - alone, solitary, exclusive, whole, entire, mere, pure

Note: Predicate adjective for `daṇḍaḥ`.