महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-3, verse-4

ध्यायमानेषु सैन्येषु दुःखं प्राप्तेषु भारत ।
बलानां मथ्यमानानां श्रुत्वा निनदमुत्तमम् ॥४॥

4. dhyāyamāneṣu sainyeṣu duḥkhaṁ prāpteṣu bhārata ,
balānāṁ mathyamānānāṁ śrutvā ninadamuttamam.

4. dhyāyamāṇeṣu sainyeṣu duḥkham prāpteṣu bhārata
balānām mathyamānānām śrutvā ninadam uttamam

4. bhārata sainyeṣu duḥkham prāpteṣu dhyāyamāṇeṣu
mathyamānānām balānām uttamam ninadam śrutvā

4. O Bhārata, while the armies, having fallen into distress, were being intently observed, and upon hearing the excellent roar of the forces being crushed...

Words meanings summery:

• ध्यायमाणेषु (dhyāyamāṇeṣu) - in the armies being intently observed (in those being contemplated, in those being observed intently, in those being reflected upon)

• सैन्येषु (sainyeṣu) - in the armies (in the armies, among the troops)

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - distress (suffering, distress, pain)

• प्राप्तेषु (prāpteṣu) - in the armies having fallen into (in those having obtained, in those having reached)

• भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata (addressing Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (O Bhārata, O descendant of Bharata)

• बलानाम् (balānām) - of the forces (of the forces, of the strengths)

• मथ्यमानानाम् (mathyamānānām) - of the forces being crushed (of those being churned, of those being crushed)

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - upon hearing (having heard, upon hearing)

• निनदम् (ninadam) - roar (roar, sound, cry)

• उत्तमम् (uttamam) - excellent (excellent, best, supreme)

Words meanings and morphology

ध्यायमाणेषु (dhyāyamāṇeṣu) - in the armies being intently observed (in those being contemplated, in those being observed intently, in those being reflected upon)

(participle)

Locative, masculine, plural of dhyāyamāna

dhyāyamāna - being meditated upon, being contemplated, being observed

Present Passive Participle

Derived from root `dhyā` (class 1, P) "to meditate, contemplate", with suffix `-yamāna`.

Root: dhyā (class 1)

सैन्येषु (sainyeṣu) - in the armies (in the armies, among the troops)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of sainya

sainya - army, host, troops

From `senā` (army) + suffix `ya` for 'belonging to' or 'group of'.

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - distress (suffering, distress, pain)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, pain, sorrow, distress

Note: Functions as direct object of `prāpteṣu` (implied 'they had obtained suffering').

प्राप्तेषु (prāpteṣu) - in the armies having fallen into (in those having obtained, in those having reached)

(participle)

Locative, masculine, plural of prāpta

prāpta - obtained, reached, attained, fallen into

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `āp` (class 5, P/U) "to obtain, reach" with prefix `pra-`.

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata (addressing Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (O Bhārata, O descendant of Bharata)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bhārata

bhārata - descendant of Bharata, relating to Bharata, a native of India

Derived from `bharata` (proper name) with suffix `aṇ` meaning 'descendant'.

बलानाम् (balānām) - of the forces (of the forces, of the strengths)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, plural of bala

bala - strength, force, power, army, troops

मथ्यमानानाम् (mathyamānānām) - of the forces being crushed (of those being churned, of those being crushed)

(participle)

Genitive, neuter, plural of mathyamāna

mathyamāna - being churned, being crushed, being agitated

Present Passive Participle

Derived from root `math` or `manth` (class 1, P/U) "to churn, agitate, crush", with suffix `-yamāna`.

Root: math (class 1)

Note: Agrees with `balānām`.

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - upon hearing (having heard, upon hearing)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root `śru` (class 5, P) "to hear", with suffix `-tvā`.

Root: śru (class 5)

निनदम् (ninadam) - roar (roar, sound, cry)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ninada

ninada - sound, roar, cry, noise

From prefix `ni-` and root `nad` (class 1, P) "to sound".

Prefix: ni

Root: nad (class 1)

Note: Object of `śrutvā`.

उत्तमम् (uttamam) - excellent (excellent, best, supreme)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of uttama

uttama - highest, best, excellent, supreme

Superlative of `ud` (up) or `ut`.

Note: Agrees with `ninadam`.