महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-1, verse-40

त्रैलोक्ये यस्य शास्त्रेषु न पुमान्विद्यते समः ।
तं द्रोणं निहतं श्रुत्वा किमकुर्वत मामकाः ॥४०॥

40. trailokye yasya śāstreṣu na pumānvidyate samaḥ ,
taṁ droṇaṁ nihataṁ śrutvā kimakurvata māmakāḥ.

40. trailokye yasya śāstreṣu na pumān vidyate samaḥ
tam droṇam nihatam śrutvā kim akurvata māmakāḥ

40. māmakāḥ yasya śāstreṣu trailokye na pumān samaḥ
vidyate tam droṇam nihatam śrutvā kim akurvata

40. In all three worlds, no man is found to be his equal in the sciences. Having heard that Drona was slain, what did my people do?

Words meanings summery:

• त्रैलोक्ये (trailokye) - in the three worlds

• यस्य (yasya) - whose, of whom

• शास्त्रेषु (śāstreṣu) - in the sciences, in the scriptures, in treatises

• न (na) - not, no

• पुमान् (pumān) - a man, a male person

• विद्यते (vidyate) - is found, exists

• समः (samaḥ) - equal, similar

• तम् (tam) - that (masculine accusative singular)

• द्रोणम् (droṇam) - the guru Drona (Drona (name))

• निहतम् (nihatam) - slain, killed

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

• किम् (kim) - what

• अकुर्वत (akurvata) - did they do

• मामकाः (māmakāḥ) - the Kauravas, Duryodhana's brothers and allies (my people, my sons)

Words meanings and morphology

त्रैलोक्ये (trailokye) - in the three worlds

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of triloka

triloka - the three worlds (heaven, earth, and the lower regions)

Compound type : dvigu (tri+loka)

• tri – three
  numeral
• loka – world, realm, people
  noun (masculine)

Note: The compound 'triloka' often treated as neuter singular for locative.

यस्य (yasya) - whose, of whom

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what (relative pronoun)

Note: Refers to Drona.

शास्त्रेषु (śāstreṣu) - in the sciences, in the scriptures, in treatises

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of śāstra

śāstra - rule, treatise, science, scripture, sacred book

Root: √śās (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

पुमान् (pumān) - a man, a male person

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pums

pums - man, male, human being

विद्यते (vidyate) - is found, exists

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of vid

present middle, passive voice

From root √vid (class 4, 'to be', 'to exist', 'to be found', or class 2 'to know'). Here it is 4th class verb meaning 'to exist, to be found'.

Root: √vid (class 4)

समः (samaḥ) - equal, similar

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sama

sama - equal, similar, same, even

Note: Agrees with 'pumān'.

तम् (tam) - that (masculine accusative singular)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Refers to Drona.

द्रोणम् (droṇam) - the guru Drona (Drona (name))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Drona (name of the teacher of the Pandavas and Kauravas); a measure of capacity

निहतम् (nihatam) - slain, killed

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nihata

nihata - killed, slain, struck down

Past Passive Participle

Formed from prefix 'ni' and root √han ('to strike, kill').

Prefix: ni

Root: √han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'droṇam'.

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root √śru ('to hear') + suffix -tvā.

Root: √śru (class 5)

किम् (kim) - what

(interrogative pronoun)

Note: Acts as the object of 'akurvata'.

अकुर्वत (akurvata) - did they do

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of kṛ

Imperfect (laṅ), Middle Voice

3rd person plural, imperfect tense, middle voice.

Root: √kṛ (class 8)

Note: Refers to 'māmakāḥ'.

मामकाः (māmakāḥ) - the Kauravas, Duryodhana's brothers and allies (my people, my sons)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of māmaka

māmaka - my, mine; my kinsmen, my people

Derived from 'mama' (mine/my) + suffix.

Note: Refers to Duryodhana's side in the Mahabharata.