महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-1, verse-18

जनमेजय उवाच ।
आपगेयं हतं श्रुत्वा द्रोणं च समरे परैः ।
यो जगाम परामार्तिं वृद्धो राजाम्बिकासुतः ॥१८॥

18. janamejaya uvāca ,
āpageyaṁ hataṁ śrutvā droṇaṁ ca samare paraiḥ ,
yo jagāma parāmārtiṁ vṛddho rājāmbikāsutaḥ.

18. janamejayaḥ uvāca āpageyam hatam śrutvā droṇam ca samare
paraiḥ yaḥ jagāma paramām ārtim vṛddhaḥ rājā ambikāsutaḥ

18. Janamejaya said: "Having heard that Bhīṣma (Āpageya) and Droṇa were killed in battle by enemies, the aged King, son of Ambikā (Dhṛtarāṣṭra), who experienced supreme sorrow..."

Words meanings summery:

• जनमेजयः (janamejayaḥ) - Janamejaya (a king, the recipient of the Mahābhārata narration)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke, related

• आपगेयम् (āpageyam) - Bhīṣma (as son of Gaṅgā, whose name is Āpagā) (son of Apagā/Gaṅgā; Bhīṣma)

• हतम् (hatam) - slain, killed, struck down

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

• द्रोणम् (droṇam) - Droṇa (the preceptor of the Kuru princes)

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• समरे (samare) - in battle, in conflict

• परैः (paraiḥ) - by the Pāṇḍavas and their allies (by others, by enemies)

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which

• जगाम (jagāma) - went, attained, reached

• परमाम् (paramām) - supreme, highest, utmost, greatest

• आर्तिम् (ārtim) - distress, pain, suffering, sorrow

• वृद्धः (vṛddhaḥ) - old, aged, venerable

• राजा (rājā) - King Dhṛtarāṣṭra (king)

• अम्बिकासुतः (ambikāsutaḥ) - Dhṛtarāṣṭra (son of Ambikā and Vyāsa) (son of Ambikā; Dhṛtarāṣṭra)

Words meanings and morphology

जनमेजयः (janamejayaḥ) - Janamejaya (a king, the recipient of the Mahābhārata narration)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of janamejaya

janamejaya - Janamejaya (proper name of a king, Pāṇḍava descendant)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke, related

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of uvāca

Perfect Active, 3rd Person Singular

Irregular perfect form of the root vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

आपगेयम् (āpageyam) - Bhīṣma (as son of Gaṅgā, whose name is Āpagā) (son of Apagā/Gaṅgā; Bhīṣma)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of āpageya

āpageya - son of a river, particularly son of Gaṅgā; Bhīṣma

Patronymic from 'āpagā' (river).

हतम् (hatam) - slain, killed, struck down

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of hata

hata - slain, killed, destroyed

Past Passive Participle

Formed from the root han with suffix -ta.

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'āpageyam' and 'droṇam'.

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from the root śru with the suffix -tvā.

Root: śru (class 5)

द्रोणम् (droṇam) - Droṇa (the preceptor of the Kuru princes)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - a measure of capacity; Droṇa (proper name, the guru of Kauravas and Pāṇḍavas)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

समरे (samare) - in battle, in conflict

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of samara

samara - battle, war, combat

परैः (paraiḥ) - by the Pāṇḍavas and their allies (by others, by enemies)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of para

para - other, another, enemy, opponent

यः (yaḥ) - who, which

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Note: Refers to 'rājā ambikāsutaḥ'.

जगाम (jagāma) - went, attained, reached

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of jagāma

Perfect Active, 3rd Person Singular

Reduplicated perfect form of the root gam.

Root: gam (class 1)

परमाम् (paramām) - supreme, highest, utmost, greatest

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of parama

parama - supreme, highest, ultimate, greatest

Note: Agrees with 'ārtim'.

आर्तिम् (ārtim) - distress, pain, suffering, sorrow

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of ārti

ārti - pain, suffering, distress, sorrow, affliction

Root: ṛ (class 3)

वृद्धः (vṛddhaḥ) - old, aged, venerable

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vṛddha

vṛddha - old, aged, grown, increased, augmented

Past Passive Participle

Formed from the root vṛdh with suffix -ta.

Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'rājā'.

राजा (rājā) - King Dhṛtarāṣṭra (king)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, sovereign, ruler

अम्बिकासुतः (ambikāsutaḥ) - Dhṛtarāṣṭra (son of Ambikā and Vyāsa) (son of Ambikā; Dhṛtarāṣṭra)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ambikāsuta

ambikāsuta - son of Ambikā

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ambikā+suta)

• ambikā – Ambikā (proper name, wife of Vicitravīrya)
  proper noun (feminine)
• suta – son, offspring
  noun (masculine)
  Root: sū (class 2)