महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-20, verse-18

पाञ्चालाः केकया मत्स्याश्चेदिकारूषकोसलाः ।
युधिष्ठिरमुदीक्षन्तो हृष्टा द्रोणमुपाद्रवन् ॥१८॥

18. pāñcālāḥ kekayā matsyāścedikārūṣakosalāḥ ,
yudhiṣṭhiramudīkṣanto hṛṣṭā droṇamupādravan.

18. pāñcālāḥ kekayāḥ matsyāḥ ca cedikārūṣakosalāḥ
yudhiṣṭhiram udīkṣantaḥ hṛṣṭāḥ droṇam upādravan

18. pāñcālāḥ kekayāḥ matsyāḥ ca cedikārūṣakosalāḥ
yudhiṣṭhiram udīkṣantaḥ hṛṣṭāḥ droṇam upādravan

18. The Pāñcālas, Kekayas, Matsyas, Cedis, Kārūṣas, and Kosalas, seeing Yudhiṣṭhira, joyfully attacked Droṇa.

Words meanings summery:

• पाञ्चालाः (pāñcālāḥ) - the Pāñcālas (people)

• केकयाः (kekayāḥ) - the Kekayas (people)

• मत्स्याः (matsyāḥ) - the Matsyas (people)

• च (ca) - and

• चेदिकारूषकोसलाः (cedikārūṣakosalāḥ) - the Cedis, Kārūṣas, and Kosalas (peoples)

• युधिष्ठिरम् (yudhiṣṭhiram) - Yudhiṣṭhira

• उदीक्षन्तः (udīkṣantaḥ) - looking at, observing, expecting

• हृष्टाः (hṛṣṭāḥ) - delighted, joyful, gladdened

• द्रोणम् (droṇam) - Droṇa

• उपाद्रवन् (upādravan) - rushed towards, attacked

Words meanings and morphology

पाञ्चालाः (pāñcālāḥ) - the Pāñcālas (people)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pāñcāla

pāñcāla - a native or king of the Pañcāla country

केकयाः (kekayāḥ) - the Kekayas (people)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kekaya

kekaya - name of a country and its people

Note: Though written without a visarga in the Devanagari text (`केकया`), grammatically it is a nominative plural noun and takes a visarga (`kekayāḥ`). The visarga is often dropped in lists or before certain consonants in sandhi.

मत्स्याः (matsyāḥ) - the Matsyas (people)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of matsya

matsya - name of a country and its people, fish

Note: Recovered from sandhi `matsyāś` where `ḥ` + `c` becomes `ś`.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Implied by the sandhi `matsyāś` (matsyāḥ ca). Used to connect the list of kingdoms.

चेदिकारूषकोसलाः (cedikārūṣakosalāḥ) - the Cedis, Kārūṣas, and Kosalas (peoples)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of cedikārūṣakosala

cedikārūṣakosala - The people of Cedi, Kārūṣa, and Kosala

Compound type : dvandva (cedi+kārūṣa+kosala)

• cedi – name of a country and its people
  proper noun (masculine)
• kārūṣa – name of a country and its people
  proper noun (masculine)
• kosala – name of a country and its people
  proper noun (masculine)

युधिष्ठिरम् (yudhiṣṭhiram) - Yudhiṣṭhira

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhiṣṭhira (proper name, 'steady in battle')

उदीक्षन्तः (udīkṣantaḥ) - looking at, observing, expecting

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, plural of udīkṣat

udīkṣat - looking at, observing, expecting

Present Active Participle

Derived from root √īkṣ (to see, look) with prefix ud-

Prefix: ud

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Recovered from sandhi `udīkṣanto`.

हृष्टाः (hṛṣṭāḥ) - delighted, joyful, gladdened

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, plural of hṛṣṭa

hṛṣṭa - delighted, joyful, gladdened

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root √hṛṣ (to be excited, rejoice)

Root: hṛṣ (class 4)

Note: Though written `हृष्टा` in Devanagari, it is grammatically `hṛṣṭāḥ` (nominative plural masculine).

द्रोणम् (droṇam) - Droṇa

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Droṇa (proper name, a revered teacher and warrior)

उपाद्रवन् (upādravan) - rushed towards, attacked

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, imperfect (laṅ) of dru

Imperfect (laṅ) tense, 3rd person plural, active voice. Root √dru (1st class) with prefix upa-.

Prefix: upa

Root: dru (class 1)