महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-58, verse-20

फेनपांश्च तथा वत्सान्न दुहन्ति स्म मानवाः ।
न कूटमानैर्वणिजः पण्यं विक्रीणते तदा ॥२०॥

20. phenapāṁśca tathā vatsānna duhanti sma mānavāḥ ,
na kūṭamānairvaṇijaḥ paṇyaṁ vikrīṇate tadā.

20. phenapān ca tathā vatsān na duhanti sma mānavāḥ
na kūṭamānaiḥ vaṇijaḥ paṇyam vikrīṇate tadā

20. And people did not milk the foam-drinking calves (i.e., they allowed the calves to drink their mothers' milk). Similarly, at that time, merchants did not sell goods using false measures.

Words meanings summery:

• फेनपान् (phenapān) - (suckling) calves (who drink the foam from their mother's udder) (foam-drinkers)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• तथा (tathā) - similarly (thus, so, similarly, and)

• वत्सान् (vatsān) - calves

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• दुहन्ति (duhanti) - they milk

• स्म (sma) - indicating past action (particle indicating past tense with present verb)

• मानवाः (mānavāḥ) - people (humans, people)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• कूटमानैः (kūṭamānaiḥ) - using false measures (with false measures, with deceptive standards)

• वणिजः (vaṇijaḥ) - merchants

• पण्यम् (paṇyam) - goods (merchandise, goods, wares)

• विक्रीणते (vikrīṇate) - they sell

• तदा (tadā) - at that time (then, at that time)

Words meanings and morphology

फेनपान् (phenapān) - (suckling) calves (who drink the foam from their mother's udder) (foam-drinkers)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of phenapa

phenapa - foam-drinker; a suckling calf

Compound: phena (foam) + pa (drinker, from root pā, to drink)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (phena+pa)

• phena – foam, froth, scum
  noun (masculine/neuter)
• pa – drinker, protector, guardian
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun
  From root pā (to drink)
  Root: pā (class 1)

Note: Direct object of `duhanti`.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

तथा (tathā) - similarly (thus, so, similarly, and)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the two parts of the verse.

वत्सान् (vatsān) - calves

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of vatsa

vatsa - calf, offspring, child, year

Note: Direct object of `duhanti`.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates `duhanti`.

दुहन्ति (duhanti) - they milk

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of duh

Conjugated form of the root.

Root: duh (class 2)

Note: Subject is `mānavāḥ`.

स्म (sma) - indicating past action (particle indicating past tense with present verb)

(indeclinable)

Note: Functions with `duhanti` to make it past tense.

मानवाः (mānavāḥ) - people (humans, people)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mānava

mānava - human, man, descendant of Manu

From Manu (first man) + a (suffix)

Note: Subject of `duhanti`.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates `vikrīṇate`.

कूटमानैः (kūṭamānaiḥ) - using false measures (with false measures, with deceptive standards)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of kūṭamāna

kūṭamāna - false measure, fraudulent standard, deceptive weight

Compound: kūṭa (false, fraudulent) + māna (measure, standard)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (kūṭa+māna)

• kūṭa – false, fraudulent, deceptive, deceit, trick
  adjective (masculine/neuter)
• māna – measure, standard, weight, esteem, respect
  noun (neuter)
  action noun
  From root mā (to measure)
  Root: mā (class 3)

Note: Indicates the means by which merchants would sell.

वणिजः (vaṇijaḥ) - merchants

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vaṇij

vaṇij - merchant, trader

Note: Subject of `vikrīṇate`.

पण्यम् (paṇyam) - goods (merchandise, goods, wares)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of paṇya

paṇya - merchandise, goods, commodity, article for sale

From root paṇ (to barter, trade) + ya (suffix)

Root: paṇ (class 1)

Note: Direct object of `vikrīṇate`.

विक्रीणते (vikrīṇate) - they sell

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of vikrī

Conjugated form of the root krī (to buy) with prefix vi.

Prefix: vi

Root: krī (class 9)

Note: Subject is `vaṇijaḥ`.

तदा (tadā) - at that time (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

Adverb formed from tad (that)

Note: Refers to the time of the righteous rule.