महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-118, verse-44

मया त्वेतत्प्रतिज्ञातं क्षेपे कस्मिंश्चिदेव हि ।
यो मां निष्पिष्य संग्रामे जीवन्हन्यात्पदा रुषा ।
स मे वध्यो भवेच्छत्रुर्यद्यपि स्यान्मुनिव्रतः ॥४४॥

44. mayā tvetatpratijñātaṁ kṣepe kasmiṁścideva hi ,
yo māṁ niṣpiṣya saṁgrāme jīvanhanyātpadā ruṣā ,
sa me vadhyo bhavecchatruryadyapi syānmunivrataḥ.

44. mayā tu etat pratijñātam kṣepe kasmincit
eva hi yaḥ mām niṣpiṣya saṅgrāme
jīvan hanyāt padā ruṣā saḥ me vadhyaḥ
bhavet śatruḥ yadyapi syāt muni-vrataḥ

44. tu etat mayā kṣepe kasmincit eva hi pratijñātam: yaḥ saṅgrāme mām niṣpiṣya jīvan padā ruṣā hanyāt,
saḥ śatruḥ me vadhyaḥ bhavet,
yadyapi muni-vrataḥ syāt.

44. This was indeed vowed by me during a certain challenging moment: 'Whoever, having crushed me in battle, would kill me while I am alive, with his foot and out of wrath – that enemy would be deserving of death (vadhya) by me, even if he were observing a sage's vow (muni-vrataḥ).'

Words meanings summery:

• मया (mayā) - by me

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• एतत् (etat) - Refers to the vow itself. (this, this matter)

• प्रतिज्ञातम् (pratijñātam) - vowed, promised, declared

• क्षेपे (kṣepe) - Refers to a context of provocation or challenge leading to the vow. (in an insult, in a moment of challenge, in an instance of disrespect)

• कस्मिन्चित् (kasmincit) - in some, in a certain, in any

• एव (eva) - alone, only, indeed, just

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, for

• यः (yaḥ) - whoever, who

• माम् (mām) - me, to me

• निष्पिष्य (niṣpiṣya) - having crushed, having ground down, having trampled

• सङ्ग्रामे (saṅgrāme) - in battle, in conflict, in war

• जीवन् (jīvan) - Qualifies the object 'mām' (me), meaning 'while I am alive'. (living, while living, being alive)

• हन्यात् (hanyāt) - should kill, would kill, might kill

• पदा (padā) - Instrument of killing, implying a great insult and disrespect. (with foot, by means of a foot)

• रुषा (ruṣā) - with anger, out of wrath, in fury

• सः (saḥ) - that, he

• मे (me) - Here, instrumental 'by me' as the agent of 'vadhyaḥ'. (by me, to me, my)

• वध्यः (vadhyaḥ) - killable, deserving of death, to be killed

• भवेत् (bhavet) - would be, should be, might be

• शत्रुः (śatruḥ) - enemy, foe, rival

• यद्यपि (yadyapi) - even if, although, notwithstanding

• स्यात् (syāt) - might be, should be, if it were

• मुनि-व्रतः (muni-vrataḥ) - one who observes a sage's vow, an ascetic, devoted to pious practices

Words meanings and morphology

मया (mayā) - by me

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of aham

aham - I, me

Note: Agent of 'pratijñātam'.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

एतत् (etat) - Refers to the vow itself. (this, this matter)

(pronoun)

neuter, singular of etad

etad - this, this one, that

Note: Object of 'pratijñātam'.

प्रतिज्ञातम् (pratijñātam) - vowed, promised, declared

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of pratijñāta

pratijñāta - vowed, promised, declared, recognized

Past Passive Participle

From root jñā (to know) with upasarga prati-.

Prefix: prati

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'etat'.

क्षेपे (kṣepe) - Refers to a context of provocation or challenge leading to the vow. (in an insult, in a moment of challenge, in an instance of disrespect)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of kṣepa

kṣepa - throwing, casting, contempt, insult, delay, instance

From root kṣip (to throw).

Root: kṣip (class 6)

Note: Denotes the circumstances under which the vow was made.

कस्मिन्चित् (kasmincit) - in some, in a certain, in any

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, singular of kaścid

kaścid - someone, some, a certain, any

Formed from 'kim' (what) + 'cid' (particle of indefiniteness).

Note: Qualifies 'kṣepe'.

एव (eva) - alone, only, indeed, just

(indeclinable)

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, for

(indeclinable)

यः (yaḥ) - whoever, who

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, that

Note: Refers to the hypothetical enemy.

माम् (mām) - me, to me

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of aham

aham - I, me

Note: Object of 'niṣpiṣya' and 'hanyāt'.

निष्पिष्य (niṣpiṣya) - having crushed, having ground down, having trampled

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root piṣ (to crush, grind) with upasarga ni-.

Prefix: ni

Root: piṣ (class 7)

सङ्ग्रामे (saṅgrāme) - in battle, in conflict, in war

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of saṅgrāma

saṅgrāma - battle, combat, war, conflict

From root grabh/grah (to seize) with upasargas sam- and ā-.

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: grah (class 9)

Note: Denotes the location of the action.

जीवन् (jīvan) - Qualifies the object 'mām' (me), meaning 'while I am alive'. (living, while living, being alive)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jīvat

jīvat - living, alive, existing

Present Active Participle

From root jīv (to live).

Root: jīv (class 1)

हन्यात् (hanyāt) - should kill, would kill, might kill

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (Vidhi-liṅ) of han

Optative

3rd person singular active optative from root han.

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Verb of the conditional clause.

पदा (padā) - Instrument of killing, implying a great insult and disrespect. (with foot, by means of a foot)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of pada

pada - foot, step, word, position

Root: pad (class 4)

रुषा (ruṣā) - with anger, out of wrath, in fury

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of ruṣ

ruṣ - anger, wrath, fury

From root ruṣ (to be angry).

Root: ruṣ (class 4)

Note: Denotes the manner or cause of the action.

सः (saḥ) - that, he

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Correlative to 'yaḥ'.

Note: Subject of the main clause.

मे (me) - Here, instrumental 'by me' as the agent of 'vadhyaḥ'. (by me, to me, my)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of aham

aham - I, me

Enclitic form for instrumental/genitive/dative singular.

वध्यः (vadhyaḥ) - killable, deserving of death, to be killed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vadhya

vadhya - killable, deserving of death, to be killed

Gerundive (kṛtya)

From root vadh (to kill), an alternative form of han.

Root: vadh (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'śatruḥ'.

भवेत् (bhavet) - would be, should be, might be

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (Vidhi-liṅ) of bhū

Optative

3rd person singular active optative from root bhū.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Main verb of the consequence clause.

शत्रुः (śatruḥ) - enemy, foe, rival

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śatru

śatru - enemy, foe, rival

Root: śat

Note: Subject of 'bhavet'.

यद्यपि (yadyapi) - even if, although, notwithstanding

(indeclinable)

From 'yadi' (if) + 'api' (even).

स्यात् (syāt) - might be, should be, if it were

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (Vidhi-liṅ) of as

Optative

3rd person singular active optative from root as.

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Verb of the concessive clause.

मुनि-व्रतः (muni-vrataḥ) - one who observes a sage's vow, an ascetic, devoted to pious practices

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of muni-vrata

muni-vrata - observing the vow of an ascetic or sage, a person devoted to pious practices

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (muni+vrata)

• muni – sage, ascetic, seer, silent one
  noun (masculine)
  Root: man (class 4)
• vrata – vow, sacred observance, religious practice, rule
  noun (neuter)
  From root vṛ (to choose, vow).
  Root: vṛ (class 1)

Note: Predicate for the implied subject of 'syāt' (which is 'saḥ śatruḥ').