महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-40, verse-31

यया धर्ममधर्मं च कार्यं चाकार्यमेव च ।
अयथावत्प्रजानाति बुद्धिः सा पार्थ राजसी ॥३१॥

31. yayā dharmamadharmaṁ ca kāryaṁ cākāryameva ca ,
ayathāvatprajānāti buddhiḥ sā pārtha rājasī.

31. yayā dharmam adharmam ca kāryam ca akāryam eva
ca ayathāvat prajānāti buddhiḥ sā pārtha rājasī

31. pārtha yayā buddhiḥ dharmam ca adharmam ca kāryam
ca akāryam eva ayathāvat prajānāti sā rājasī

31. O Pārtha, that intellect which perceives what constitutes natural law (dharma) and its opposite (adharma), and what actions are proper or improper, but does so inaccurately or imperfectly – that intellect is rajasic.

Words meanings summery:

• यया (yayā) - by which intellect (by which, with which)

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - natural law (dharma) (natural law, constitution, righteousness, duty, virtue)

• अधर्मम् (adharmam) - what is contrary to natural law (adharma) (unrighteousness, injustice, impiety, what is against natural law)

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• कार्यम् (kāryam) - what is to be done, duty, action

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• अकार्यम् (akāryam) - what is not to be done, improper action

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, certainly, even

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• अयथावत् (ayathāvat) - improperly, inaccurately, incorrectly

• प्रजानाति (prajānāti) - knows, discerns, understands well

• बुद्धिः (buddhiḥ) - intellect, understanding, discernment

• सा (sā) - refers to buddhiḥ (intellect) (that, she)

• पार्थ (pārtha) - Vocative for Arjuna. (O son of Pṛthā, O Arjuna)

• राजसी (rājasī) - intellect characterized by the quality of rajas (belonging to rajas, rajasic, passionate, active)

Words meanings and morphology

यया (yayā) - by which intellect (by which, with which)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of ya

ya - which, who, what (relative pronoun)

धर्मम् (dharmam) - natural law (dharma) (natural law, constitution, righteousness, duty, virtue)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, virtue, religion, custom

From root dhṛ (to hold, support) + man suffix.

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

अधर्मम् (adharmam) - what is contrary to natural law (adharma) (unrighteousness, injustice, impiety, what is against natural law)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of adharma

adharma - unrighteousness, injustice, impiety, demerit, what is against natural law

Negative prefix a- + dharma.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+dharma)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• dharma – natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, virtue, religion, custom
  noun (masculine)
  From root dhṛ (to hold, support) + man suffix.
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

कार्यम् (kāryam) - what is to be done, duty, action

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kārya

kārya - to be done, duty, action, business

Gerundive/Future Passive Participle

From root kṛ (to do) + ṇyat suffix.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

अकार्यम् (akāryam) - what is not to be done, improper action

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of akārya

akārya - not to be done, improper action, forbidden act

Gerundive/Future Passive Participle

Negative prefix a- + kārya.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+kārya)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• kārya – to be done, duty, action, business
  adjective (neuter)
  Gerundive/Future Passive Participle
  From root kṛ (to do) + ṇyat suffix.
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

एव (eva) - indeed, only, certainly, even

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

अयथावत् (ayathāvat) - improperly, inaccurately, incorrectly

(indeclinable)

Negative prefix a- + yathāvat (as it should be, properly).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+yathāvat)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• yathāvat – properly, as it should be, accordingly
  indeclinable
  From yathā (as) + vat (like) suffix.

प्रजानाति (prajānāti) - knows, discerns, understands well

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of prajānāti

Present tense, active voice, 3rd person singular.

From pra- + root jñā (to know), 9th class, present.

Prefix: pra

Root: jñā (class 9)

बुद्धिः (buddhiḥ) - intellect, understanding, discernment

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of buddhi

buddhi - intellect, understanding, reason, discernment, wisdom

From root budh (to know, perceive) + ktin suffix.

Root: budh (class 1)

सा (sā) - refers to buddhiḥ (intellect) (that, she)

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, this, it (demonstrative/anaphoric pronoun)

पार्थ (pārtha) - Vocative for Arjuna. (O son of Pṛthā, O Arjuna)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pārtha

pārtha - son of Pṛthā (Kuntī), a name of Arjuna

Derived from Pṛthā (Kuntī) + aṇ suffix.

राजसी (rājasī) - intellect characterized by the quality of rajas (belonging to rajas, rajasic, passionate, active)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of rājasa

rājasa - rajasic, passionate, active, born of rajas

Derived from rajas + aṇ suffix.