महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-30, verse-42

ये चानाथा दुर्बलाः सर्वकालमात्मन्येव प्रयतन्तेऽथ मूढाः ।
तांश्चापि त्वं कृपणान्सर्वथैव अस्मद्वाक्यात्कुशलं तात पृच्छेः ॥४२॥

42. ye cānāthā durbalāḥ sarvakāla;mātmanyeva prayatante'tha mūḍhāḥ ,
tāṁścāpi tvaṁ kṛpaṇānsarvathaiva; asmadvākyātkuśalaṁ tāta pṛccheḥ.

42. ye ca anāthāḥ durbalāḥ sarvakālam
ātmani eva prayatante atha mūḍhāḥ
tān ca api tvam kṛpaṇān sarvathā
eva asmat vākyāt kuśalam tāta pṛccheḥ

42. And those who are helpless, weak, and foolish, who always strive (for existence) solely by themselves—you, dear one, at my instruction, should inquire about the well-being of all those miserable ones in every way.

Words meanings summery:

• ये (ye) - who (relative pronoun)

• च (ca) - and, also

• अनाथाः (anāthāḥ) - helpless, without a protector, destitute

• दुर्बलाः (durbalāḥ) - weak, feeble, powerless

• सर्वकालम् (sarvakālam) - always, at all times

• आत्मनि (ātmani) - in oneself, on oneself, by oneself

• एव (eva) - only, just, indeed

• प्रयतन्ते (prayatante) - they strive, they exert themselves, they endeavor

• अथ (atha) - and, then, now, moreover

• मूढाः (mūḍhāḥ) - foolish, deluded, ignorant ones

• तान् (tān) - them, those (masculine accusative plural)

• च (ca) - and, also

• अपि (api) - even, also

• त्वम् (tvam) - you (nominative singular)

• कृपणान् (kṛpaṇān) - miserable, poor, wretched, piteous

• सर्वथा (sarvathā) - in every way, entirely, completely

• एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

• अस्मत् (asmat) - from us

• वाक्यात् (vākyāt) - from my instruction/command (from a word, from speech, from an utterance)

• कुशलम् (kuśalam) - well-being, welfare, good health

• तात (tāta) - dear one (as an address) (dear one, father, son)

• पृच्छेः (pṛccheḥ) - you should ask, you may inquire

Words meanings and morphology

ये (ye) - who (relative pronoun)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ya

ya - who, which, what

Note: Subject of 'prayatante'.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects this clause to previous verse's implicit context or simply lists these groups.

अनाथाः (anāthāḥ) - helpless, without a protector, destitute

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of anātha

anātha - helpless, unprotected, destitute, orphan

Derived from 'nātha' (master, protector) with negative prefix 'an'.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (an+nātha)

• an – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• nātha – master, lord, protector, help
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies 'ye' (those people).

दुर्बलाः (durbalāḥ) - weak, feeble, powerless

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of durbala

durbala - weak, feeble, powerless, infirm

Derived from 'bala' (strength) with prefix 'dur' (bad, difficult).

Compound type : prādi-samāsa (dur+bala)

• dur – bad, ill, difficult, hard
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating difficulty or badness.
• bala – strength, power, force
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies 'ye'.

सर्वकालम् (sarvakālam) - always, at all times

(indeclinable)

Compound of 'sarva' (all) and 'kāla' (time). Used adverbially in accusative singular.

Compound type : karmadhāraya (sarva+kāla)

• sarva – all, every, whole, entire
  pronoun (masculine)
• kāla – time, period, season
  noun (masculine)

Note: Adverbial accusative, meaning "at all times".

आत्मनि (ātmani) - in oneself, on oneself, by oneself

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of ātman

ātman - self, soul, spirit, ultimate reality (ātman)

Note: Indicates the sphere of their striving, i.e., "for themselves" or "by themselves."

एव (eva) - only, just, indeed

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes 'ātmani'.

प्रयतन्ते (prayatante) - they strive, they exert themselves, they endeavor

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of yat

Present middle 3rd plural, with upasarga 'pra'.

Prefix: pra

Root: yat (class 1)

अथ (atha) - and, then, now, moreover

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'prayatante' clause with 'mūḍhāḥ'.

मूढाः (mūḍhāḥ) - foolish, deluded, ignorant ones

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mūḍha

mūḍha - foolish, deluded, bewildered, ignorant, stupid

Past Passive Participle

From root 'muh'. Used substantively as 'the foolish'.

Root: muh (class 4)

Note: Qualifies 'ye'.

तान् (tān) - them, those (masculine accusative plural)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Object of 'pṛccheḥ'. Refers back to 'ye anāthāḥ durbalāḥ... mūḍhāḥ'.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the relative clause with the main clause, introducing 'tān'.

अपि (api) - even, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes "even those".

त्वम् (tvam) - you (nominative singular)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Subject of 'pṛccheḥ'.

कृपणान् (kṛpaṇān) - miserable, poor, wretched, piteous

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of kṛpaṇa

kṛpaṇa - miserable, poor, wretched, pitiable, stingy

Note: Qualifies 'tān'.

सर्वथा (sarvathā) - in every way, entirely, completely

(indeclinable)

Suffix -thā indicating manner.

Note: Adverb modifying 'pṛccheḥ'.

एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes 'sarvathā'.

अस्मत् (asmat) - from us

(pronoun)

Ablative, plural of aham

aham - I, me

Note: First part of the compound 'asmadvākyāt'.

वाक्यात् (vākyāt) - from my instruction/command (from a word, from speech, from an utterance)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of vākya

vākya - speech, word, sentence, statement, instruction

Note: Second part of the compound 'asmadvākyāt'. The compound 'asmadvākyāt' means 'from my word/instruction'.

कुशलम् (kuśalam) - well-being, welfare, good health

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kuśala

kuśala - well-being, welfare, skillful, healthy, clever

Note: Object of 'pṛccheḥ'.

तात (tāta) - dear one (as an address) (dear one, father, son)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of tāta

tāta - dear one, father (used respectfully or endearingly), son

Note: Term of endearment or respect.

पृच्छेः (pṛccheḥ) - you should ask, you may inquire

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of pṛcch

Optative active 2nd singular.

Root: prach (class 6)

Note: The ending -eḥ suggests 2nd singular optative.