महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-200, verse-51

तपो निःश्रेयसं जन्तोस्तस्य मूलं शमो दमः ।
तेन सर्वानवाप्नोति कामान्यान्मनसेच्छति ॥५१॥

51. tapo niḥśreyasaṁ jantostasya mūlaṁ śamo damaḥ ,
tena sarvānavāpnoti kāmānyānmanasecchati.

51. tapaḥ niḥśreyasam jantoḥ tasya mūlam śamaḥ damaḥ
tena sarvān avāpnoti kāmān yān manasā icchati

51. Austerity (tapas) is the highest good for a living being; its foundation is mental tranquility (śama) and self-restraint (dama). Through these, one obtains all the desires that the mind wishes for.

51. תרגול לפיתוח כוחות נפש הוא הטוב הנעלה של היצור החי, ושורשו הוא שלווה ושליטה עצמית. בעזרתו האדם משיג את כל המשאלות שהוא חפץ בהן בלבו.

Words meanings summery:

• तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity (tapas), penance, spiritual fervor

• निःश्रेयसम् (niḥśreyasam) - supreme good, final beatitude, liberation, ultimate bliss

• जन्तोः (jantoḥ) - of a living being, of a creature, of a person

• तस्य (tasya) - its, of that, of him

• मूलम् (mūlam) - root, foundation, origin

• शमः (śamaḥ) - tranquility, mental control, calmness, cessation of passions

• दमः (damaḥ) - self-control, control of the senses, restraint

• तेन (tena) - by mental tranquility and self-restraint (by that, by them)

• सर्वान् (sarvān) - all, every

• अवाप्नोति (avāpnoti) - attains, obtains, reaches

• कामान् (kāmān) - desires, wishes, objects of desire

• यान् (yān) - which

• मनसा (manasā) - with the mind, by the mind

• इच्छति (icchati) - desires, wishes, longs for

Words meanings and morphology

तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity (tapas), penance, spiritual fervor

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, spiritual fervor (tapas)

Note: Visarga sandhi makes it 'tapo' before voiced consonants.

निःश्रेयसम् (niḥśreyasam) - supreme good, final beatitude, liberation, ultimate bliss

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of niḥśreyasa

niḥśreyasa - supreme good, final beatitude, liberation, ultimate bliss

Note: Agrees with tapaḥ.

जन्तोः (jantoḥ) - of a living being, of a creature, of a person

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of jantu

jantu - living being, creature, person, human

Note: Visarga becomes 'ṣ' before 't', and 't' becomes 'ṭ' after 'ṣ'.

तस्य (tasya) - its, of that, of him

(pronoun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to niḥśreyasam. Becomes 'ṭasya' due to sandhi with preceding 'ṣ'.

मूलम् (mūlam) - root, foundation, origin

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mūla

mūla - root, foundation, origin, basis

Note: Predicate nominative.

शमः (śamaḥ) - tranquility, mental control, calmness, cessation of passions

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śama

śama - tranquility, mental control, calmness, cessation of passions

Derived from root śam- (to be calm)

Root: śam (class 4)

Note: First part of the foundation. Visarga sandhi makes it 'śamo' before voiced consonants.

दमः (damaḥ) - self-control, control of the senses, restraint

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dama

dama - self-control, control of the senses, restraint

Derived from root dam- (to tame, control)

Root: dam (class 4)

Note: Second part of the foundation.

तेन (tena) - by mental tranquility and self-restraint (by that, by them)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to śama and dama as the means.

सर्वान् (sarvān) - all, every

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every

Note: Agrees with kāmān.

अवाप्नोति (avāpnoti) - attains, obtains, reaches

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of āp

Present Indicative

3rd person singular, Parasmaipada. With prefix ava-.

Prefix: ava

Root: āp (class 5)

कामान् (kāmān) - desires, wishes, objects of desire

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of kāma

kāma - desire, wish, object of desire

Derived from root kam- (to desire)

Root: kam (class 1)

Note: Direct object of avāpnoti. No vowel sandhi with 'yān'.

यान् (yān) - which

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of yad

yad - which, who, what

Note: Relative pronoun, agrees with kāmān.

मनसा (manasā) - with the mind, by the mind

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of manas

manas - mind, intellect, thought

Note: Indicates the instrument of desiring. Fuses with 'icchati' due to vowel sandhi (ā+i=e).

इच्छति (icchati) - desires, wishes, longs for

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of iṣ

Present Indicative

3rd person singular, Parasmaipada, Class 6 verb (also class 4/9 in other meanings)

Root: iṣ (class 6)

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