महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-90, verse-1

संजय उवाच ।
स्वसैन्यं निहतं दृष्ट्वा राजा दुर्योधनः स्वयम् ।
अभ्यधावत संक्रुद्धो भीमसेनमरिंदमम् ॥१॥

1. saṁjaya uvāca ,
svasainyaṁ nihataṁ dṛṣṭvā rājā duryodhanaḥ svayam ,
abhyadhāvata saṁkruddho bhīmasenamariṁdamam.

1. sañjaya uvāca svasainyam nihatam dṛṣṭvā rājā duryodhanaḥ
svayam abhyadhāvata saṅkruddhaḥ bhīmasenam arindamam

1. sañjaya uvāca rājā duryodhanaḥ svayam svasainyam nihatam
dṛṣṭvā saṅkruddhaḥ arindamam bhīmasenam abhyadhāvata

1. Sañjaya said: Seeing his own army devastated, King Duryodhana himself, filled with great fury, rushed towards Bhīmasena, the vanquisher of foes.

Words meanings summery:

• सञ्जय (sañjaya) - Sanjaya

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• स्वसैन्यम् (svasainyam) - his own army

• निहतम् (nihatam) - devastated (killed, destroyed, struck down)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• राजा (rājā) - king

• दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana

• स्वयम् (svayam) - himself, personally

• अभ्यधावत (abhyadhāvata) - rushed towards, ran against

• सङ्क्रुद्धः (saṅkruddhaḥ) - filled with great fury (enraged, very angry)

• भीमसेनम् (bhīmasenam) - Bhimasena

• अरिन्दमम् (arindamam) - vanquisher of foes (destroyer of enemies, subjugator of foes)

Words meanings and morphology

सञ्जय (sañjaya) - Sanjaya

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - Sanjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer)

Note: Subject of uvāca.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Tense

Perfect tense 3rd person singular active of root vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

स्वसैन्यम् (svasainyam) - his own army

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of svasainya

svasainya - one's own army

Compound of sva (one's own) and sainya (army).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sva+sainya)

• sva – own, one's own, self
  pronoun (masculine)
• sainya – army, host, military, troops
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from senā (army).

Note: Object of dṛṣṭvā.

निहतम् (nihatam) - devastated (killed, destroyed, struck down)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of nihata

nihata - killed, struck, destroyed, defeated

Past Passive Participle

Derived from ni + han (to strike, kill) with kta suffix.

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with svasainyam.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root dṛś with ktvā suffix.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Action performed by Duryodhana before rushing.

राजा (rājā) - king

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, sovereign, ruler

Note: Subject of abhyadhāvata.

दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (eldest son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra)

Prefix: dur

Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: In apposition to rājā.

स्वयम् (svayam) - himself, personally

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes Duryodhana's direct action.

अभ्यधावत (abhyadhāvata) - rushed towards, ran against

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect past (laṅ) of abhi-dhāv

Imperfect Tense

Imperfect tense 3rd person singular active of root dhāv with upasarga abhi.

Prefix: abhi

Root: dhāv (class 1)

सङ्क्रुद्धः (saṅkruddhaḥ) - filled with great fury (enraged, very angry)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṅkruddha

saṅkruddha - enraged, furious, greatly angry

Past Passive Participle

Derived from sam + krudh (to be angry) with kta suffix.

Prefix: sam

Root: krudh (class 4)

Note: Agrees with rājā Duryodhanaḥ.

भीमसेनम् (bhīmasenam) - Bhimasena

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bhīmasena

bhīmasena - Bhimasena (one of the Pāṇḍava brothers)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (bhīma+senā)

• bhīma – terrible, formidable, fearful
  adjective (masculine)
• senā – army, host, weapon
  noun (feminine)

Note: Object of abhyadhāvata.

अरिन्दमम् (arindamam) - vanquisher of foes (destroyer of enemies, subjugator of foes)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of arindama

arindama - subduing enemies, destroyer of foes

Compound of ari (enemy) and dama (subduing).

Compound type : upapada tatpuruṣa (ari+dama)

• ari – enemy, foe, adversary
  noun (masculine)
• dama – subduing, taming, controlling
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root dam (to tame, control).
  Root: dam (class 1)

Note: Epithet for Bhīmasena, agrees with bhīmasenam.