महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-23, verse-41

एतस्मात्कारणाद्राजन्नागमं नागसाह्वयम् ।
यद्यगां परवीरघ्न न हि जीवेत्सुयोधनः ॥४१॥

41. etasmātkāraṇādrājannāgamaṁ nāgasāhvayam ,
yadyagāṁ paravīraghna na hi jīvetsuyodhanaḥ.

41. etasmāt kāraṇāt rājan na āgamam nāgasāhvayam yat
yadi agām paravīraghna na hi jīvet suyodhanaḥ

41. O King, it is for this reason that I did not go to Hastinapura (Nāgasāhvaya), for if I had gone, O slayer of hostile heroes, Suyodhana (Duryodhana) would surely not have lived.

Words meanings summery:

• एतस्मात् (etasmāt) - from this

• कारणात् (kāraṇāt) - for this reason (from a cause, for a reason)

• राजन् (rājan) - O King

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आगमम् (āgamam) - I came/went (to Hastinapura) (I came, I went)

• नागसाह्वयम् (nāgasāhvayam) - Hastinapura (the city called Nāgasāhvaya) (Hastinapura (the city of the elephant))

• यत् (yat) - for (that, because, in which case)

• यदि (yadi) - if

• अगाम् (agām) - I had gone (I went, I would have gone)

• परवीरघ्न (paravīraghna) - O slayer of hostile heroes (slayer of hostile heroes)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• हि (hi) - surely (indeed, surely, for)

• जीवेत् (jīvet) - would have lived (he would live, he should live)

• सुयोधनः (suyodhanaḥ) - Suyodhana (Duryodhana)

Words meanings and morphology

एतस्मात् (etasmāt) - from this

(pronoun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of etas

etas - this, this here

Note: Refers to the reason mentioned or understood from context.

कारणात् (kāraṇāt) - for this reason (from a cause, for a reason)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of kāraṇa

kāraṇa - cause, reason, motive

Note: Forms an ablative phrase 'for this reason' with 'etasmāt'.

राजन् (rājan) - O King

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Note: Addressed to Dhṛtarāṣṭra or Janamejaya depending on overall context.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आगमम् (āgamam) - I came/went (to Hastinapura) (I came, I went)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of ā-gam

Root gam with prefix ā

Prefix: ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: The 'na' negates this verb: 'I did not go'.

नागसाह्वयम् (nāgasāhvayam) - Hastinapura (the city called Nāgasāhvaya) (Hastinapura (the city of the elephant))

(proper noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of nāgasāhvaya

nāgasāhvaya - name of Hastinapura ('called by the name of elephant')

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (nāga+sāhvaya)

• nāga – snake, elephant
  noun (masculine)
• sāhvaya – having the name, called
  adjective (masculine)
  Compound of sa + āhvaya

Note: Locative sense, 'to Hastinapura'.

यत् (yat) - for (that, because, in which case)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction introducing the reason.

यदि (yadi) - if

(indeclinable)

Note: Conditional particle.

अगाम् (agām) - I had gone (I went, I would have gone)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of gam

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Used in a conditional clause.

परवीरघ्न (paravīraghna) - O slayer of hostile heroes (slayer of hostile heroes)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of paravīraghna

paravīraghna - slayer of hostile heroes

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (para+vīra+ghna)

• para – other, hostile, enemy
  adjective (masculine)
• vīra – hero, brave man
  noun (masculine)
• ghna – slayer, killer, destroyer (suffix)
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root han
  Root: han (class 2)

Note: Vocative address, likely to Arjuna.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

हि (hi) - surely (indeed, surely, for)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

जीवेत् (jīvet) - would have lived (he would live, he should live)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of jīv

Root: jīv (class 1)

Note: Used in a conditional consequence clause.

सुयोधनः (suyodhanaḥ) - Suyodhana (Duryodhana)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of suyodhana

suyodhana - Suyodhana (an epithet for Duryodhana, meaning 'good warrior' or 'one who fights well')

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (su+yodhana)

• su – good, well, excellent
  indeclinable
• yodhana – warrior, fighter
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of 'jīvet'.