महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-120, verse-9

अर्थकामः शिखां राजा कुर्याद्धर्मध्वजोपमाम् ।
नित्यमुद्यतदण्डः स्यादाचरेच्चाप्रमादतः ।
लोके चायव्ययौ दृष्ट्वा वृक्षाद्वृक्षमिवाप्लवन् ॥९॥

9. arthakāmaḥ śikhāṁ rājā kuryāddharmadhvajopamām ,
nityamudyatadaṇḍaḥ syādācareccāpramādataḥ ,
loke cāyavyayau dṛṣṭvā vṛkṣādvṛkṣamivāplavan.

9. arthakāmaḥ śikhām rājā kuryāt
dharmadhvajopamām nityam udyatadaṇḍaḥ syāt
ācaret ca apramādataḥ loke ca āyavyayau
dṛṣṭvā vṛkṣāt vṛkṣam iva āplavan

9. rājā arthakāmaḥ dharmadhvajopamām śikhām
kuryāt ca nityam udyatadaṇḍaḥ syāt
ca apramādataḥ ācaret ca loke āyavyayau
dṛṣṭvā vṛkṣāt vṛkṣam iva āplavan

9. A king, seeking prosperity (artha), should uphold a visible emblem (śikhā) that symbolizes his adherence to the constitution (dharma). He should always be ready to exercise authority and act without negligence. Observing the income and expenditure within his realm, he should adapt swiftly, like (a monkey) leaping from tree to tree.

Words meanings summery:

• अर्थकामः (arthakāmaḥ) - seeking prosperity (desirous of wealth/gain, seeking prosperity)

• शिखाम् (śikhām) - a visible emblem (a tuft, a crest, a banner, a peak)

• राजा (rājā) - king, ruler

• कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should uphold/maintain (should make, should do, should perform)

• धर्मध्वजोपमाम् (dharmadhvajopamām) - resembling the emblem of his constitution (dharma) (resembling a banner of dharma, like a flag of righteousness)

• नित्यम् (nityam) - always (always, constantly, perpetually)

• उद्यतदण्डः (udyatadaṇḍaḥ) - ready to exercise authority (having a raised rod/staff, with authority wielded)

• स्यात् (syāt) - should be (should be, may be, would be)

• आचरेत् (ācaret) - should act (should act, should practice, should behave)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• अप्रमादतः (apramādataḥ) - without negligence (without negligence, carefully, diligently)

• लोके (loke) - within his realm (in the world, in the realm, among people)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• आयव्ययौ (āyavyayau) - income and expenditure

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - observing (having seen, after seeing)

• वृक्षात् (vṛkṣāt) - from a tree

• वृक्षम् (vṛkṣam) - to a tree, a tree (accusative)

• इव (iva) - like (like, as, as if)

• आप्लवन् (āplavan) - adapting swiftly, leaping (leaping, jumping)

Words meanings and morphology

अर्थकामः (arthakāmaḥ) - seeking prosperity (desirous of wealth/gain, seeking prosperity)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of arthakāma

arthakāma - desirous of wealth, seeking gain

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (artha+kāma)

• artha – purpose, meaning, wealth, prosperity, material gain
  noun (masculine)
• kāma – desire, wish, love, pleasure
  noun (masculine)
  From root kam (to desire).
  Root: kam (class 1)

Note: Adjective for rājā.

शिखाम् (śikhām) - a visible emblem (a tuft, a crest, a banner, a peak)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of śikhā

śikhā - crest, peak, tuft of hair, flame, banner, point

Root: śikh

Note: Object of kuryāt.

राजा (rājā) - king, ruler

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should uphold/maintain (should make, should do, should perform)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of kṛ

Optative Mood, 3rd Person Singular

Root: kṛ (class 8)

धर्मध्वजोपमाम् (dharmadhvajopamām) - resembling the emblem of his constitution (dharma) (resembling a banner of dharma, like a flag of righteousness)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of dharmadhvajopamā

dharmadhvajopamā - resembling the banner of dharma, like a flag of righteousness

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+dhvaja+upamā)

• dharma – righteousness, duty, law, virtue, constitution, natural law
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• dhvaja – banner, flag, standard, emblem
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhvaj (class 1)
• upamā – comparison, resemblance, analogy
  noun (feminine)
  From root mā (to measure) with prefix upa.
  Prefix: upa
  Root: mā (class 2)

Note: Adjective modifying śikhām.

नित्यम् (nityam) - always (always, constantly, perpetually)

(indeclinable)

उद्यतदण्डः (udyatadaṇḍaḥ) - ready to exercise authority (having a raised rod/staff, with authority wielded)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of udyatadaṇḍa

udyatadaṇḍa - one whose rod is raised, ready to punish/wield authority

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (udyata+daṇḍa)

• udyata – raised, uplifted, prepared, ready
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root yam (to restrain, hold) with prefix ud.
  Prefix: ud
  Root: yam (class 1)
• daṇḍa – stick, staff, rod, punishment, authority
  noun (masculine)
  Root: daṇḍ (class 10)

Note: Adjective for rājā, used predicatively.

स्यात् (syāt) - should be (should be, may be, would be)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of as

Optative Mood, 3rd Person Singular

Root: as (class 2)

आचरेत् (ācaret) - should act (should act, should practice, should behave)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of ācar

Optative Mood, 3rd Person Singular

From root car (to move, go) with prefix ā.

Prefix: ā

Root: car (class 1)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

अप्रमादतः (apramādataḥ) - without negligence (without negligence, carefully, diligently)

(indeclinable)

Derived from pramāda (negligence) with negative prefix a, and the tasi suffix.

Compound type : nan-tatpuruṣa (a+pramāda)

• a – not, non-, un-
  prefix
  Negative prefix.
• pramāda – negligence, error, carelessness, intoxication
  noun (masculine)
  From root mad (to be intoxicated, rejoice) with prefix pra.
  Prefix: pra
  Root: mad (class 4)

लोके (loke) - within his realm (in the world, in the realm, among people)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of loka

loka - world, people, realm, space

Root: lok (class 1)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

आयव्ययौ (āyavyayau) - income and expenditure

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, dual of āyavyaya

āyavyaya - income and expenditure, receipt and disbursement

Dvandva compound of āya (income) and vyaya (expenditure).

Compound type : dvandva (āya+vyaya)

• āya – income, revenue, gain, arrival
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root i (to go) with prefix ā.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: i (class 2)
• vyaya – expenditure, expense, loss, decay
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root i (to go) with prefix vi.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Object of dṛṣṭvā.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - observing (having seen, after seeing)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root dṛś.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

वृक्षात् (vṛkṣāt) - from a tree

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of vṛkṣa

vṛkṣa - tree

Note: Expresses origin or separation.

वृक्षम् (vṛkṣam) - to a tree, a tree (accusative)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vṛkṣa

vṛkṣa - tree

Note: Expresses destination.

इव (iva) - like (like, as, as if)

(indeclinable)

आप्लवन् (āplavan) - adapting swiftly, leaping (leaping, jumping)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āplavat

āplavat - leaping, jumping, swimming

Present Active Participle

Derived from root plu (to float, swim, leap) with prefix ā.

Prefix: ā

Root: plu (class 1)

Note: Refers to the implicit subject (king).