महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-104, verse-49

आर्तिरार्ते प्रिये प्रीतिरेतावन्मित्रलक्षणम् ।
विपरीतं तु बोद्धव्यमरिलक्षणमेव तत् ॥४९॥

49. ārtirārte priye prītiretāvanmitralakṣaṇam ,
viparītaṁ tu boddhavyamarilakṣaṇameva tat.

49. ārtiḥ ārte priye prītiḥ etāvat mitralakṣaṇam
viparītam tu boddhavyam arilakṣaṇam eva tat

49. ārte ārtiḥ priye prītiḥ etāvat mitra-lakṣaṇam
tu viparītam tat eva ari-lakṣaṇam boddhavyam

49. Feeling distress for those in distress, and joy for those who are dear – this much defines a friend. The opposite of this, however, should be understood as the very characteristic of an enemy.

Words meanings summery:

• आर्तिः (ārtiḥ) - distress, pain, suffering

• आर्ते (ārte) - for those who are in distress (in distress, for the distressed, to the suffering one)

• प्रिये (priye) - for those who are dear (in the beloved, for the dear one, to the pleasant)

• प्रीतिः (prītiḥ) - joy, pleasure, love, affection

• एतावत् (etāvat) - this much, so much, so far

• मित्रलक्षणम् (mitralakṣaṇam) - characteristic of a friend, sign of a friend

• विपरीतम् (viparītam) - the opposite, contrary

• तु (tu) - but, however, on the other hand

• बोद्धव्यम् (boddhavyam) - should be known, ought to be understood

• अरिलक्षणम् (arilakṣaṇam) - characteristic of an enemy, sign of an enemy

• एव (eva) - indeed, just, only, truly

• तत् (tat) - that (referring to the opposite of a friend's characteristics) (that, it)

Words meanings and morphology

आर्तिः (ārtiḥ) - distress, pain, suffering

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of ārti

ārti - distress, pain, suffering, affliction

Root: ṛ (class 3)

आर्ते (ārte) - for those who are in distress (in distress, for the distressed, to the suffering one)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of ārta

ārta - distressed, afflicted, pained; suffering person

Past Passive Participle

from root ṛ (to go, move) with prefix ā + suffix -ta

Prefix: ā

Root: ṛ (class 3)

Note: Used here substantively as 'to/for the distressed one'.

प्रिये (priye) - for those who are dear (in the beloved, for the dear one, to the pleasant)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of priya

priya - dear, beloved, pleasant, agreeable

Note: Used here substantively as 'to/for the dear one'.

प्रीतिः (prītiḥ) - joy, pleasure, love, affection

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of prīti

prīti - joy, pleasure, satisfaction, love, affection

Root: prī (class 9)

एतावत् (etāvat) - this much, so much, so far

(indeclinable)

मित्रलक्षणम् (mitralakṣaṇam) - characteristic of a friend, sign of a friend

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mitralakṣaṇa

mitralakṣaṇa - characteristic of a friend, sign of a friend

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (mitra+lakṣaṇa)

• mitra – friend, companion, sun
  noun (masculine)
• lakṣaṇa – mark, sign, characteristic, definition
  noun (neuter)
  Root: lakṣ (class 10)

विपरीतम् (viparītam) - the opposite, contrary

(adjective)

neuter, singular of viparīta

viparīta - reversed, contrary, opposite, inverted

Past Passive Participle

from root i (to go) with prefixes vi + pari + suffix -ta

Prefixes: vi+pari

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Can be nominative or accusative, but here it is the subject of what is to be understood.

तु (tu) - but, however, on the other hand

(indeclinable)

बोद्धव्यम् (boddhavyam) - should be known, ought to be understood

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of boddhavya

boddhavya - to be known, to be understood

Gerundive/Future Passive Participle

from root budh (to know, understand) + suffix -tavya

Root: budh (class 1)

अरिलक्षणम् (arilakṣaṇam) - characteristic of an enemy, sign of an enemy

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of arilakṣaṇa

arilakṣaṇa - characteristic of an enemy, sign of an enemy

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ari+lakṣaṇa)

• ari – enemy, foe
  noun (masculine)
• lakṣaṇa – mark, sign, characteristic, definition
  noun (neuter)
  Root: lakṣ (class 10)

एव (eva) - indeed, just, only, truly

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the preceding word.

तत् (tat) - that (referring to the opposite of a friend's characteristics) (that, it)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this, it

Note: Refers to the 'viparītam'.

Previous Verse Next Verse