महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-104, verse-44

इन्द्र उवाच ।
कानि लिङ्गानि दुष्टस्य भवन्ति द्विजसत्तम ।
कथं दुष्टं विजानीयादेतत्पृष्टो ब्रवीहि मे ॥४४॥

44. indra uvāca ,
kāni liṅgāni duṣṭasya bhavanti dvijasattama ,
kathaṁ duṣṭaṁ vijānīyādetatpṛṣṭo bravīhi me.

44. indraḥ uvāca kāni liṅgāni duṣṭasya bhavanti dvijasattama
katham duṣṭam vijānīyāt etat pṛṣṭaḥ bravīhi me

44. indraḥ uvāca dvijasattama duṣṭasya kāni liṅgāni bhavanti? duṣṭam katham vijānīyāt? etat pṛṣṭaḥ me bravīhi.

44. Indra said: 'O best among the twice-born (dvija), what are the characteristics of a wicked person? How should one recognize a wicked person? Please tell me, as I have asked you this.'

Words meanings summery:

• इन्द्रः (indraḥ) - Indra (name of a deity)

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

• कानि (kāni) - what, which

• लिङ्गानि (liṅgāni) - characteristics, signs, marks, indicators

• दुष्टस्य (duṣṭasya) - of a wicked person, of the corrupt

• भवन्ति (bhavanti) - they are, they become, exist

• द्विजसत्तम (dvijasattama) - O best among the twice-born (dvija), O most excellent Brahmin

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

• दुष्टम् (duṣṭam) - a wicked person (accusative)

• विजानीयात् (vijānīyāt) - one should know, one should recognize

• एतत् (etat) - this

• पृष्टः (pṛṣṭaḥ) - having been asked

• ब्रवीहि (bravīhi) - tell, say

• मे (me) - to me, for me

Words meanings and morphology

इन्द्रः (indraḥ) - Indra (name of a deity)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of indra

indra - Indra (chief of the devas, god of thunder and rain)

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular

Root 'vac' (2nd class, parasm.) in Liṭ (Perfect) tense.

Root: vac (class 2)

कानि (kāni) - what, which

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of kim

kim - who, what, which

लिङ्गानि (liṅgāni) - characteristics, signs, marks, indicators

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of liṅga

liṅga - sign, mark, characteristic, symptom, gender (gram.)

दुष्टस्य (duṣṭasya) - of a wicked person, of the corrupt

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of duṣṭa

duṣṭa - wicked, evil, corrupt, bad

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'duṣ' (to become corrupt, spoil).

Root: duṣ (class 4)

Note: Used as a substantivized participle, 'of the wicked one'.

भवन्ति (bhavanti) - they are, they become, exist

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of bhū

Present tense, 3rd person plural

Root 'bhū' (1st class, parasm.) in Laṭ (Present) tense.

Root: bhū (class 1)

द्विजसत्तम (dvijasattama) - O best among the twice-born (dvija), O most excellent Brahmin

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of dvijasattama

dvijasattama - best among the twice-born, most excellent Brahmin

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (dvija+sattama)

• dvija – twice-born, Brahmin
  noun (masculine)
• sattama – best, most excellent, supreme
  adjective
  Superlative suffix -tama.

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

दुष्टम् (duṣṭam) - a wicked person (accusative)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of duṣṭa

duṣṭa - wicked, evil, corrupt, bad

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'duṣ' (to become corrupt, spoil).

Root: duṣ (class 4)

Note: Used as a substantivized participle, 'the wicked one'.

विजानीयात् (vijānīyāt) - one should know, one should recognize

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of vijñā

Optative mood, 3rd person singular

Root 'jñā' (9th class, ubhayap.) with prefix 'vi', in Vidhi-liṅ (Optative) mood.

Prefix: vi

Root: jñā (class 9)

एतत् (etat) - this

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this

Note: Object of 'pṛṣṭaḥ'.

पृष्टः (pṛṣṭaḥ) - having been asked

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pṛṣṭa

pṛṣṭa - asked, interrogated

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'prach' (to ask).

Root: prach (class 6)

ब्रवीहि (bravīhi) - tell, say

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of brū

Imperative, 2nd person singular

Root 'brū' (2nd class, ubhayap.) in Loṭ (Imperative) tense.

Root: brū (class 2)

मे (me) - to me, for me

(pronoun)

singular of asmad

asmad - I, me

Note: Enclitic form for dative or genitive singular.