योगवासिष्ठः yogavāsiṣṭhaḥ - book-4, chapter-45, verse-40

सदेव वा यदत्यन्तं तस्य किं नाम नश्यति ।
ब्रह्मैवेदं जगत्सर्वं सुखदुःखे किमुत्थिते ॥ ४० ॥

sadeva vā yadatyantaṃ tasya kiṃ nāma naśyati ,
brahmaivedaṃ jagatsarvaṃ sukhaduḥkhe kimutthite 40

40. sat eva vā yat atyantam tasya kim nāma naśyati
brahma eva idam jagat sarvam sukhaduḥkhe kim utthite

40. vā yat atyantam sat eva,
tasya kim nāma naśyati? idam sarvam jagat brahma eva.
sukhaduḥkhe kim utthite

40. Or that which is utterly real, what indeed could be destroyed of it? This entire universe is verily the ultimate reality (brahman). How then can joy and sorrow arise?

Words meanings summery:

• सत् (sat) - real (referring to what is eternally existent) (existent, real, good)

• एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the reality) (indeed, only, just)

• वा (vā) - or (presenting an alternative to the previous verse's premise) (or, either)

• यत् (yat) - that which (referring to the utterly real) (that which, what)

• अत्यन्तम् (atyantam) - utterly (modifying the reality) (utterly, completely, extremely)

• तस्य (tasya) - of that (which is utterly real) (of that)

• किम् (kim) - what (as in 'what thing is lost?') (what)

• नाम (nāma) - indeed (emphasizing the rhetorical question) (indeed, by name, forsooth)

• नश्यति (naśyati) - is lost (referring to what ceases to exist) (perishes, is lost, disappears)

• ब्रह्म (brahma) - Brahman (the Absolute reality)

• एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the identity with Brahman) (indeed, only, just)

• इदम् (idam) - this (referring to the immediate observable reality) (this)

• जगत् (jagat) - universe (the totality of existence) (universe, world, moving)

• सर्वम् (sarvam) - entire (emphasizing the totality of the universe) (all, entire, every)

• सुखदुःखे (sukhaduḥkhe) - joy and sorrow

• किम् (kim) - how (introducing a rhetorical question about their origin) (what, how)

• उत्थिते (utthite) - arisen (as in 'how do they arise?') (arisen, produced, manifested)

Words meanings and morphology

सत् (sat) - real (referring to what is eternally existent) (existent, real, good)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sat

sat - being, existing, real, true, good

Present Active Participle

From root 'as' (to be) + suffix 'śatṛ'.

Root: as (class 0)

Note: Predicate noun for 'yat'.

एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the reality) (indeed, only, just)

(indeclinable)

वा (vā) - or (presenting an alternative to the previous verse's premise) (or, either)

(indeclinable)

यत् (yat) - that which (referring to the utterly real) (that which, what)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what, that which

Note: Subject of the clause.

अत्यन्तम् (atyantam) - utterly (modifying the reality) (utterly, completely, extremely)

(indeclinable)

Compound of 'ati' (over) + 'anta' (end).

Compound type : avyayībhāva (ati+anta)

• ati – over, beyond, very
  indeclinable
  Prefix/preposition.
• anta – end, limit, boundary
  noun (masculine)

Note: Adverbial form of 'atyanta'.

तस्य (tasya) - of that (which is utterly real) (of that)

(pronoun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Indicates possession ('of what, of that?').

किम् (kim) - what (as in 'what thing is lost?') (what)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kim

kim - what, who, which, why

Interrogative pronoun.

Note: Subject of the question.

नाम (nāma) - indeed (emphasizing the rhetorical question) (indeed, by name, forsooth)

(indeclinable)

नश्यति (naśyati) - is lost (referring to what ceases to exist) (perishes, is lost, disappears)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of naś

Present Active

3rd person singular present active of root 'naś'.

Root: naś (class 0)

ब्रह्म (brahma) - Brahman (the Absolute reality)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of brahman

brahman - the Absolute reality, the ultimate principle, the creator god Brahmā

Neuter noun. Refers to the supreme, ultimate reality in Hinduism.

Root: bṛh (class 0)

Note: Predicate nominative.

एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the identity with Brahman) (indeed, only, just)

(indeclinable)

इदम् (idam) - this (referring to the immediate observable reality) (this)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this

Demonstrative pronoun.

जगत् (jagat) - universe (the totality of existence) (universe, world, moving)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jagat

jagat - moving, living; the world, the universe

Present Active Participle

From root 'gam' (to go) + suffix 'śatṛ', used as a noun.

Root: gam (class 0)

Note: Subject of the sentence 'idam jagat sarvam brahma eva'.

सर्वम् (sarvam) - entire (emphasizing the totality of the universe) (all, entire, every)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, entire, whole

Universal pronoun/adjective.

सुखदुःखे (sukhaduḥkhe) - joy and sorrow

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, dual of sukhaduḥkha

sukhaduḥkha - joy and sorrow, pleasure and pain

Dvanda compound.

Compound type : dvandva (sukha+duḥkha)

• sukha – joy, happiness, pleasure, ease
  noun (neuter)
• duḥkha – sorrow, pain, suffering, misery
  noun (neuter)

Note: Subject of the rhetorical question.

किम् (kim) - how (introducing a rhetorical question about their origin) (what, how)

(indeclinable)

Interrogative particle.

उत्थिते (utthite) - arisen (as in 'how do they arise?') (arisen, produced, manifested)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, dual of utthita

utthita - arisen, produced, manifested, standing up

Past Passive Participle

From root 'sthā' (to stand) with prefix 'ud' (up) + suffix 'kta'.

Prefix: ud

Root: sthā (class 0)

Note: Acts as the predicate of the rhetorical question.