वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-1, verse-48

निरीक्षमाणः सहसा महात्मा सर्वं वनं निर्झरकन्दरं च ।
उद्विग्नचेताः सह लक्ष्मणेन विचार्य दुःखोपहतः प्रतस्थे ॥४८॥

48. nirīkṣamāṇaḥ sahasā mahātmā sarvaṃ vanaṃ nirjharakandaraṃ ca ,
udvignacetāḥ saha lakṣmaṇena vicārya duḥkhopahataḥ pratasthe.

48. nirīkṣamāṇaḥ sahasā mahā-ātmā
sarvam vanam nirjhara-kandaram ca
| udvigna-cetāḥ saha lakṣmaṇena
vicārya duḥkha-upahataḥ pratasthe

48. sahasā mahā-ātmā sarvam vanam
nirjhara-kandaram ca nirīkṣamāṇaḥ (san)
udvigna-cetāḥ (abhūt) duḥkha-upahataḥ
saha lakṣmaṇena vicārya pratasthe

48. Suddenly, the great-souled one (Rāma), observing the entire forest, its waterfalls and caves, became agitated in mind. Overwhelmed by sorrow, he reflected with Lakṣmaṇa and then departed.

Words meanings summery:

• निरीक्षमाणः (nirīkṣamāṇaḥ) - observing, looking carefully

• सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, all at once

• महा-आत्मा (mahā-ātmā) - the great-souled one, the magnanimous one

• सर्वम् (sarvam) - entire, all

• वनम् (vanam) - forest, wood

• निर्झर-कन्दरम् (nirjhara-kandaram) - waterfalls and caves

• च (ca) - and

• उद्विग्न-चेताः (udvigna-cetāḥ) - with an agitated mind, distressed in mind

• सह (saha) - with, together with

• लक्ष्मणेन (lakṣmaṇena) - with Lakṣmaṇa

• विचार्य (vicārya) - having reflected, having considered

• दुःख-उपहतः (duḥkha-upahataḥ) - overwhelmed by sorrow

• प्रतस्थे (pratasthe) - he departed, he set forth

Words meanings and morphology

निरीक्षमाणः (nirīkṣamāṇaḥ) - observing, looking carefully

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nirīkṣamāṇa

nirīkṣamāṇa - observing, contemplating

Present Middle Participle

From root √īkṣ (to see) with prefix nir-.

Prefix: nir

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with mahā-ātmā.

सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, all at once

(indeclinable)

Instrumental of sahasa (force), used adverbially.

महा-आत्मा (mahā-ātmā) - the great-souled one, the magnanimous one

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahātman

mahātman - great-souled, magnanimous, noble-minded, the Supreme Spirit (ātman)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+ātman)

• mahā – great, large, powerful
  adjective
  Stem of mahat.
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essence (ātman)
  noun (masculine)
  Root: an (class 2)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

सर्वम् (sarvam) - entire, all

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, entire

Note: Agrees with vanam.

वनम् (vanam) - forest, wood

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vana

vana - forest, wood, grove

Root: van (class 1)

Note: Object of nirīkṣamāṇaḥ.

निर्झर-कन्दरम् (nirjhara-kandaram) - waterfalls and caves

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of nirjharakandara

nirjharakandara - waterfalls and caves

Dvandva compound of nirjhara and kandara.

Compound type : dvandva (nirjhara+kandara)

• nirjhara – waterfall, cascade
  noun (masculine)
  From nir- + root √jhṛ (to flow).
  Prefix: nir
  Root: jhṛ (class 1)
• kandara – cave, grotto
  noun (neuter)

Note: Object of nirīkṣamāṇaḥ.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects vanam and nirjharakandaram.

उद्विग्न-चेताः (udvigna-cetāḥ) - with an agitated mind, distressed in mind

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of udvignacetas

udvignacetas - having an agitated mind, distressed in mind

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (udvigna+cetas)

• udvigna – agitated, disturbed, alarmed
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root √vij (to tremble) with prefix ud-.
  Prefix: ud
  Root: vij (class 6)
• cetas – mind, intellect, consciousness
  noun (neuter)
  Root: cit (class 1)

Note: Agrees with mahātmā.

सह (saha) - with, together with

(indeclinable)

Requires instrumental case.

लक्ष्मणेन (lakṣmaṇena) - with Lakṣmaṇa

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of lakṣmaṇa

lakṣmaṇa - Lakṣmaṇa (brother of Rāma)

Note: Used with saha.

विचार्य (vicārya) - having reflected, having considered

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

From root √car (to move, wander) with prefix vi- and ā-. vi-ā-car > vicārya.

Prefixes: vi+ā

Root: car (class 1)

दुःख-उपहतः (duḥkha-upahataḥ) - overwhelmed by sorrow

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duḥkhopahata

duḥkhopahata - struck by sorrow, overwhelmed by misery

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (duḥkha+upahata)

• duḥkha – sorrow, pain, misery
  noun (neuter)
• upahata – struck, affected, overwhelmed
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root √han (to strike) with prefix upa-.
  Prefix: upa
  Root: han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with mahātmā.

प्रतस्थे (pratasthe) - he departed, he set forth

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, perfect (liṭ) of pratasthe

Perfect, 3rd person singular, middle voice

From root √sthā (to stand) with prefix pra-. Reduplication of sthā forms tasthau/tasthuḥ. Middle voice perfect form.

Prefix: pra

Root: sthā (class 1)