महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-99, verse-27

तथैव दन्तिभिर्हीनान्गजारोहान्विशां पते ।
प्रधावन्तोऽन्वपश्याम तव तेषां च संकुले ॥२७॥

27. tathaiva dantibhirhīnāngajārohānviśāṁ pate ,
pradhāvanto'nvapaśyāma tava teṣāṁ ca saṁkule.

27. tathā eva dantibhiḥ hīnān gajārohān viśām pate
pradhāvantaḥ anu apaśyāma tava teṣām ca saṃkule

27. tathā eva viśām pate dantibhiḥ hīnān gajārohān
pradhāvantaḥ tava teṣām ca saṃkule anu apaśyāma

27. Similarly, O Lord of men, we saw elephant-riders, deprived of their elephants, fleeing in that tumultuous battle of yours and theirs.

Words meanings summery:

• तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, certainly, even

• दन्तिभिः (dantibhiḥ) - by elephants

• हीनान् (hīnān) - deprived, devoid of, lacking

• गजारोहान् (gajārohān) - elephant-riders

• विशाम् (viśām) - of men, of people

• पते (pate) - O lord, O master

• प्रधावन्तः (pradhāvantaḥ) - running forth, fleeing

• अनु (anu) - after, along, according to; (as prefix to verb) denotes following, imitation, repetition

• अपश्याम (apaśyāma) - we saw

• तव (tava) - your

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them, their

• च (ca) - and

• संकुले (saṁkule) - in the turmoil, in the confusion, in the battle

Words meanings and morphology

तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed, only, certainly, even

(indeclinable)

दन्तिभिः (dantibhiḥ) - by elephants

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of dantin

dantin - elephant (having tusks/teeth)

From 'danta' (tooth/tusk) + suffix '-in'.

Note: Used with hīnān to denote 'deprived of elephants'.

हीनान् (hīnān) - deprived, devoid of, lacking

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of hīna

hīna - deficient, abandoned, deprived of, devoid of, left behind

Past Passive Participle

From root 'hā' (to abandon, forsake).

Root: hā (class 3)

Note: Modifies gajārohān.

गजारोहान् (gajārohān) - elephant-riders

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of gajāroha

gajāroha - elephant-rider

Compound: gaja (elephant) + āroha (rider).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (gaja+āroha)

• gaja – elephant
  noun (masculine)
• āroha – rider, mounting, ascending
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'ruh' (to ascend) with prefix 'ā'.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: ruh (class 1)

Note: Object of apaśyāma.

विशाम् (viśām) - of men, of people

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, plural of viś

viś - people, subjects, human beings, community

Note: Part of the vocative address viśām pate.

पते (pate) - O lord, O master

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pati

pati - lord, master, husband, owner

Note: Refers to Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

प्रधावन्तः (pradhāvantaḥ) - running forth, fleeing

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pradhāvant

pradhāvant - running forth, fleeing, rushing forward

Present Active Participle

From root 'dhāv' (to run) with prefix 'pra'.

Prefix: pra

Root: dhāv (class 1)

Note: Modifies gajārohān, here used like an adjective in apposition.

अनु (anu) - after, along, according to; (as prefix to verb) denotes following, imitation, repetition

(indeclinable)

Note: Here, part of the compound verb anvapaśyāma ('anu' + 'apaśyāma').

अपश्याम (apaśyāma) - we saw

(verb)

1st person , plural, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of paś

Imperfect tense

Root dṛś, modified to paśya in present/imperfect stem. Here, apaśyāma is 1st person plural imperfect.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

तव (tava) - your

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Genitive singular of 'yuṣmad'.

Note: Refers to Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them, their

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Genitive plural masculine/neuter of 'tad'.

Note: Refers to the opposing side (Kauravas).

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

संकुले (saṁkule) - in the turmoil, in the confusion, in the battle

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of saṃkula

saṁkula - crowded, confused, tumultuous, filled with, battle, tumult, throng

From root 'kul' (to collect, accumulate) with prefix 'sam'.

Prefix: sam

Root: kul (class 1)

Note: Refers to the battlefield or the chaotic scene.