महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-240, verse-2

अकार्षीः साहसमिदं कस्मात्प्रायोपवेशनम् ।
आत्मत्यागी ह्यवाग्याति वाच्यतां चायशस्करीम् ॥२॥

2. akārṣīḥ sāhasamidaṁ kasmātprāyopaveśanam ,
ātmatyāgī hyavāgyāti vācyatāṁ cāyaśaskarīm.

2. akārṣīḥ sāhasam idam kasmāt prāyopaveśanam
ātmatyāgī hi avāk yāti vācyatām ca ayaśaskarīm

2. Why have you undertaken this rash act of a fast unto death? Indeed, one who abandons their own self (ātman) goes to a degraded state and incurs public blame and dishonor.

Words meanings summery:

• अकार्षीः (akārṣīḥ) - you did, you performed

• साहसम् (sāhasam) - rashness, daring deed, violence

• इदम् (idam) - this

• कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why, from what

• प्रायोपवेशनम् (prāyopaveśanam) - fast unto death, sitting down to die

• आत्मत्यागी (ātmatyāgī) - one who abandons oneself, commits suicide

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

• अवाक् (avāk) - downward, low, hellish

• याति (yāti) - goes, proceeds

• वाच्यताम् (vācyatām) - public blame (reprehensibility, blameworthiness, state of being spoken ill of)

• च (ca) - and

• अयशस्करीम् (ayaśaskarīm) - causing infamy, dishonorable

Words meanings and morphology

अकार्षीः (akārṣīḥ) - you did, you performed

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, Aorist (luṅ) of kṛ

Aorist

2nd person singular Aorist active

Root: kṛ (class 8)

साहसम् (sāhasam) - rashness, daring deed, violence

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sāhasa

sāhasa - rashness, daring, violence, presumptuousness

from sahasa

Note: Also nominative singular neuter. Context implies accusative object of akārṣīḥ.

इदम् (idam) - this

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, here

Note: Also nominative singular neuter. Modifies sāhasam and prāyopaveśanam.

कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why, from what

(indeclinable)

Note: Here used adverbially. If considered as an ablative case, it means 'from what (reason)'.

प्रायोपवेशनम् (prāyopaveśanam) - fast unto death, sitting down to die

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of prāyopaveśana

prāyopaveśana - fast unto death, sitting down to die, voluntary starvation

Compound of prāya and upaveśana

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (prāya+upaveśana)

• prāya – fast, suicide, a vow to die by fasting
  noun (masculine)
• upaveśana – sitting down, act of sitting
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from root viś with upasarga upa
  Prefix: upa
  Root: viś (class 6)

Note: object of akārṣīḥ

आत्मत्यागी (ātmatyāgī) - one who abandons oneself, commits suicide

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ātmatyāgin

ātmatyāgin - one who abandons oneself, commits suicide

Compound of ātman and tyāgin

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ātman+tyāgin)

• ātman – self, soul, spirit, the true individual essence
  noun (masculine)
• tyāgin – abandoning, renouncing, one who gives up
  noun (masculine)
  From root tyaj 'to abandon' + -in suffix (agent noun)
  Root: tyaj (class 1)

Note: Subject of yāti.

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

(indeclinable)

अवाक् (avāk) - downward, low, hellish

(adjective)

of avāc

avāc - downward, low, hellish

stem avāñc (declines like prāñc)

Note: In context, avāk yāti means "goes downwards" or "goes to a low state".

याति (yāti) - goes, proceeds

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of yā

Present indicative

3rd person singular Present active

Root: yā (class 2)

वाच्यताम् (vācyatām) - public blame (reprehensibility, blameworthiness, state of being spoken ill of)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vācyatā

vācyatā - blameworthiness, reprehensibility, object of reproach

from vācya (to be spoken) + -tā (abstract noun suffix)

Note: object of yāti (goes to blame)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

अयशस्करीम् (ayaśaskarīm) - causing infamy, dishonorable

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of ayaśaskara

ayaśaskara - causing infamy, dishonorable, disgraceful

Compound of a, yaśas, and kara. Feminine form -ī.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (a+yaśas+kara)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative particle
• yaśas – fame, glory, reputation
  noun (neuter)
• kara – making, causing, doing, maker
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun
  From root kṛ 'to do' + -a suffix
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Modifies vācyatām.