महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-178, verse-4

सर्प उवाच ।
दाने रतत्वं सत्यं च अहिंसा प्रियमेव च ।
एषां कार्यगरीयस्त्वाद्दृश्यते गुरुलाघवम् ॥४॥

4. sarpa uvāca ,
dāne ratatvaṁ satyaṁ ca ahiṁsā priyameva ca ,
eṣāṁ kāryagarīyastvāddṛśyate gurulāghavam.

4. sarpaḥ uvāca dāne ratatvam satyam ca ahiṃsā priyam
eva ca eṣām kāryagarīyastvāt dṛśyate gurulāghavam

4. The serpent said: Devotion to giving (dāna), truthfulness (satya), non-violence (ahiṃsā), and pleasantness (priyam)—their relative importance (gurulāghavam) is determined by the gravity of their effects.

Words meanings summery:

• सर्पः (sarpaḥ) - The serpent Nahuṣa. (The serpent)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• दाने (dāne) - in giving, in donation

• रतत्वम् (ratatvam) - devotion, attachment, being intent on

• सत्यम् (satyam) - truth, truthfulness (satya)

• च (ca) - and

• अहिंसा (ahiṁsā) - non-violence, non-injury (ahiṃsā)

• प्रियम् (priyam) - pleasant speech or action. (pleasantness, that which is dear/pleasant)

• एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

• च (ca) - and

• एषाम् (eṣām) - Of these qualities (dāna, satya, ahiṃsā, priyam). (of these (masculine/neuter plural))

• कार्यगरीयस्त्वात् (kāryagarīyastvāt) - from the gravity of effects, due to the superiority of consequences

• दृश्यते (dṛśyate) - is seen, is considered, appears

• गुरुलाघवम् (gurulāghavam) - relative importance (heaviness and lightness), relative weight

Words meanings and morphology

सर्पः (sarpaḥ) - The serpent Nahuṣa. (The serpent)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sarpa

sarpa - serpent, snake

From root sṛp (to creep) with suffix -a.

Root: sṛp (class 1)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

perfect active, 3rd person singular

From root vac, reduplicated perfect.

Root: vac (class 2)

दाने (dāne) - in giving, in donation

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of dāna

dāna - giving, donation, gift (dāna)

From root dā (to give) with suffix -ana.

Root: dā (class 3)

रतत्वम् (ratatvam) - devotion, attachment, being intent on

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of ratatva

ratatva - devotion, attachment, intentness

From rata (attached, devoted) + tva (suffix for abstract noun).

Root: ram (class 1)

सत्यम् (satyam) - truth, truthfulness (satya)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of satya

satya - truth, reality, truthfulness (satya)

From sat (being, existing) + ya suffix.

Root: as (class 2)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

अहिंसा (ahiṁsā) - non-violence, non-injury (ahiṃsā)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of ahiṃsā

ahiṁsā - non-violence, non-injury (ahiṃsā)

From a- (not) + hiṃsā (violence).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+hiṃsā)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• hiṃsā – violence, injury
  noun (feminine)
  From root hiṃs (to injure)
  Root: hiṃs (class 7)

प्रियम् (priyam) - pleasant speech or action. (pleasantness, that which is dear/pleasant)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of priya

priya - dear, beloved, pleasant, pleasing speech

From root prī (to please).

Root: prī (class 9)

Note: Noun form 'pleasantness' or 'that which is pleasant'.

एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

एषाम् (eṣām) - Of these qualities (dāna, satya, ahiṃsā, priyam). (of these (masculine/neuter plural))

(pronoun)

Genitive, neuter, plural of etad

etad - this, these

Demonstrative pronoun.

कार्यगरीयस्त्वात् (kāryagarīyastvāt) - from the gravity of effects, due to the superiority of consequences

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of kāryagarīyastva

kāryagarīyastva - the state of having graver effects/consequences

Compound of kārya (effect, consequence), garīyas (graver, weightier), and tva (abstract noun suffix).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kārya+garīyas+tva)

• kārya – action, duty, effect, consequence
  noun (neuter)
  Gerundive
  From root kṛ (to do) + -ya suffix, meaning 'to be done' or 'that which is to be done/effected'.
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• garīyas – graver, weightier, more important (comparative of guru)
  adjective (neuter)
  Comparative form of guru (heavy/important).
• tva – suffix forming abstract nouns, -ness, -hood
  suffix (neuter)

दृश्यते (dṛśyate) - is seen, is considered, appears

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (lat) of dṛś

present passive, 3rd person singular

From root dṛś, passive formation.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

गुरुलाघवम् (gurulāghavam) - relative importance (heaviness and lightness), relative weight

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of gurulāghava

gurulāghava - heaviness and lightness, importance and insignificance, relative weight

From guru (heavy) and lāghava (lightness).

Compound type : dvandva (guru+lāghava)

• guru – heavy, important
  adjective (masculine)
• lāghava – lightness, insignificance, quickness
  noun (neuter)
  From laghu (light) + aṇ suffix.