महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-82, verse-30

अथाहमब्रुवं तत्र देवीं तां तपसान्विताम् ।
किमर्थं तप्यते देवि तपो घोरमनिन्दिते ॥३०॥

30. athāhamabruvaṁ tatra devīṁ tāṁ tapasānvitām ,
kimarthaṁ tapyate devi tapo ghoramanindite.

30. atha aham abruvam tatra devīm tām tapasānvitām
kimartham tapyate devi tapaḥ ghoram anindite

30. atha aham tatra tapasānvitām tām devīm abruvam
devi anindite ghoram tapaḥ kimartham tapyate

30. Then I said there to that goddess, who was endowed with penance (tapas): 'O blameless goddess, why is such severe penance (tapas) being performed?'

Words meanings summery:

• अथ (atha) - now, then, thereupon

• अहम् (aham) - I

• अब्रुवम् (abruvam) - I spoke, I said

• तत्र (tatra) - there, thither, in that place

• देवीम् (devīm) - goddess

• ताम् (tām) - that, her (feminine)

• तपसान्विताम् (tapasānvitām) - endowed with penance (tapas) (endowed with penance, accompanied by penance)

• किमर्थम् (kimartham) - for what purpose, why

• तप्यते (tapyate) - is penance being performed (is performed, is heated, is suffering)

• देवि (devi) - O goddess

• तपः (tapaḥ) - penance (austerity, penance, heat)

• घोरम् (ghoram) - severe (penance) (terrible, severe, dreadful)

• अनिन्दिते (anindite) - O blameless one, O faultless one

Words meanings and morphology

अथ (atha) - now, then, thereupon

(indeclinable)

अहम् (aham) - I

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, me (first person pronoun)

Note: Subject of 'abruvam'.

अब्रुवम् (abruvam) - I spoke, I said

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of bru

Imperfect 1st singular Parasmaipada

Imperfect tense, from root 'bru'. The initial 'a' marks the past tense.

Root: bru (class 2)

तत्र (tatra) - there, thither, in that place

(indeclinable)

Locative of 'tad' (that).

Note: Refers to the location where the speaker addressed the goddess.

देवीम् (devīm) - goddess

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of devī

devī - goddess, divine female

Feminine form of 'deva' (god).

Root: div (class 4)

Note: Direct object of 'abruvam'.

ताम् (tām) - that, her (feminine)

(pronoun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, she, he, it (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Agrees with 'devīm'.

तपसान्विताम् (tapasānvitām) - endowed with penance (tapas) (endowed with penance, accompanied by penance)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tapasānvita

tapasānvita - endowed with (tapas), accompanied by (tapas)

Compound where 'anvita' (accompanied, endowed) is a past passive participle modifying 'tapas'.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (tapas+anvita)

• tapas – austerity, penance, heat
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from the root 'tap' (to heat, suffer).
  Root: tap (class 1)
• anvita – accompanied by, endowed with, possessed of
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from the root 'i' (to go) with the prefix 'anu-' (after, with), and the suffix -ta.
  Prefix: anu
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'devīm' and 'tām'.

किमर्थम् (kimartham) - for what purpose, why

(indeclinable)

Compound of 'kim' (what) and 'artha' (purpose).

Note: Interrogative adverb.

तप्यते (tapyate) - is penance being performed (is performed, is heated, is suffering)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle/passive, present (laṭ) of tap

Present 3rd singular Ātmanepada

Present tense, Ātmanepada form. Can be interpreted as passive ('is performed') or middle voice ('she performs for herself'). Here, passive sense fits the context.

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: The subject is 'tapaḥ'.

देवि (devi) - O goddess

(noun)

Vocative, feminine, singular of devī

devī - goddess, divine female

Feminine form of 'deva' (god).

Root: div (class 4)

Note: Direct address to the goddess.

तपः (tapaḥ) - penance (austerity, penance, heat)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, heat, religious mortification

Derived from the root 'tap' (to heat, suffer).

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Subject of the passive verb 'tapyate'.

घोरम् (ghoram) - severe (penance) (terrible, severe, dreadful)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of ghora

ghora - terrible, dreadful, severe, fearful, formidable

Note: Agrees with 'tapaḥ' in gender, number, and case.

अनिन्दिते (anindite) - O blameless one, O faultless one

(adjective)

Vocative, feminine, singular of anindita

anindita - blameless, faultless, irreproachable, unblamed

Past Passive Participle (with negative prefix)

Derived from the root 'nind' (to blame, reproach) with the negative prefix 'a-'.

Prefix: a

Root: nind (class 1)

Note: Direct address to the goddess, agreeing with 'devi'.