महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-92, verse-31

त्रायते हि यदा सर्वं वाचा कायेन कर्मणा ।
पुत्रस्यापि न मृष्येच्च स राज्ञो धर्म उच्यते ॥३१॥

31. trāyate hi yadā sarvaṁ vācā kāyena karmaṇā ,
putrasyāpi na mṛṣyecca sa rājño dharma ucyate.

31. trāyate hi yadā sarvam vācā kāyena karmaṇā putrasya
api na mṛṣyet ca saḥ rājñaḥ dharmaḥ ucyate

31. hi yadā vācā kāyena karmaṇā sarvam trāyate ca
putrasya api na mṛṣyet saḥ rājñaḥ dharmaḥ ucyate

31. Indeed, when a king protects everyone through his words, body, and actions, and does not tolerate (misconduct) even from his own son, that is called the intrinsic nature (dharma) of a king.

Words meanings summery:

• त्रायते (trāyate) - he protects (everyone) (he protects, he saves, he preserves, he delivers)

• हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for, because)

• यदा (yadā) - when, at which time, whenever

• सर्वम् (sarvam) - everyone (all people) (all, whole, every, everything, everyone)

• वाचा (vācā) - by (his) words (by speech, by word, with voice)

• कायेन (kāyena) - by (his) body (by body, with body, through the body)

• कर्मणा (karmaṇā) - by (his) actions (karma) (by action, by deed, by work, by (karma))

• पुत्रस्य (putrasya) - of (his) son (of a son, son's)

• अपि (api) - even (from his son) (even, also, too, moreover)

• न (na) - not, no, nor

• मृष्येत् (mṛṣyet) - he should not tolerate (misconduct) (he should tolerate, he would endure, he might pardon)

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• सः (saḥ) - that (conduct) (that, he, such a one)

• राज्ञः (rājñaḥ) - of a king (of a king, king's, from a king)

• धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - the intrinsic nature (dharma) (of a king) (natural law, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, constitution, religious or moral law)

• उच्यते (ucyate) - is called (is said, is called, is declared)

Words meanings and morphology

त्रायते (trāyate) - he protects (everyone) (he protects, he saves, he preserves, he delivers)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of trā

present tense, middle voice

Derived from root 'trā' (त्रै - to protect).

Root: trā (class 2)

हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for, because)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic and causal particle.

यदा (yadā) - when, at which time, whenever

(indeclinable)

Temporal adverb.

सर्वम् (sarvam) - everyone (all people) (all, whole, every, everything, everyone)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, whole, every, entire, universal

Indefinite pronoun/adjective.

Note: Could also be masculine singular accusative here, referring to 'all people'.

वाचा (vācā) - by (his) words (by speech, by word, with voice)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of vāc

vāc - speech, word, voice, language

Feminine noun, c-stem declension.

Root: vac

कायेन (kāyena) - by (his) body (by body, with body, through the body)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kāya

kāya - body, collection, heap, substance

Masculine noun, a-stem declension.

कर्मणा (karmaṇā) - by (his) actions (karma) (by action, by deed, by work, by (karma))

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of karma

karma - action, deed, work, ritual, consequence of action, fate

Neuter noun, n-stem declension. Derived from root 'kṛ' (to do).

Root: kṛ

पुत्रस्य (putrasya) - of (his) son (of a son, son's)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child, offspring, descendant

Masculine noun, a-stem declension.

अपि (api) - even (from his son) (even, also, too, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction/particle.

न (na) - not, no, nor

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

मृष्येत् (mṛṣyet) - he should not tolerate (misconduct) (he should tolerate, he would endure, he might pardon)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, optative (liṅ) of mṛṣ

optative mood, middle voice

Derived from root 'mṛṣ' (मृष्). Represents a potential or prescriptive action.

Root: mṛṣ (class 4)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

सः (saḥ) - that (conduct) (that, he, such a one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it, they, such a one

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to the described actions as 'that' dharma.

राज्ञः (rājñaḥ) - of a king (of a king, king's, from a king)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, monarch, ruler, sovereign

Noun, n-stem declension.

Root: rāj

धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - the intrinsic nature (dharma) (of a king) (natural law, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, constitution, religious or moral law)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, constitution, religious or moral law, virtue, justice

Derived from root 'dhṛ' (to uphold, to sustain).

Root: dhṛ

Note: Key concept in Indian philosophy.

उच्यते (ucyate) - is called (is said, is called, is declared)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of vac

present tense, passive voice

Derived from root 'vac' (वच्) (2nd class root, but forms passive in 4th class manner).

Root: vac (class 2)

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