महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-157, verse-18

तवापि समतिक्रान्तमेतद्गावल्गणे कथम् ।
एतमर्थं महाबुद्धे यत्त्वया नावबोधितः ॥१८॥

18. tavāpi samatikrāntametadgāvalgaṇe katham ,
etamarthaṁ mahābuddhe yattvayā nāvabodhitaḥ.

18. tava api samatikrāntam etad gāvalgaṇe katham
etam artham mahābuddhe yat tvayā na avabodhitaḥ

18. gāvalgaṇe etad tava api katham samatikrāntam
mahābuddhe yat tvayā etam artham na avabodhitaḥ

18. O son of Gavalgaṇa (Gāvalgaṇa), how did this [critical event] also escape your notice? O greatly intelligent one (Mahābuddhe), why was this matter (artha) not understood by you?

Words meanings summery:

• तव (tava) - your, of you

• अपि (api) - also (also, even)

• समतिक्रान्तम् (samatikrāntam) - escaped (your) notice (surpassed, gone beyond, escaped (notice), failed)

• एतद् (etad) - this (referring to the event of the vadhopāya failing) (this)

• गावल्गणे (gāvalgaṇe) - O Saṃjaya (Gāvalgaṇa) (O son of Gavalgaṇa)

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

• एतम् (etam) - this

• अर्थम् (artham) - this matter (artha) (purpose, meaning, matter, wealth)

• महाबुद्धे (mahābuddhe) - O greatly intelligent one (Mahābuddhe) (Saṃjaya) (O greatly intelligent one)

• यत् (yat) - why, how (introducing a clause) (that (conjunction), which)

• त्वया (tvayā) - by you

• न (na) - not, no

• अवबोधितः (avabodhitaḥ) - comprehended, known (understood, known, informed)

Words meanings and morphology

तव (tava) - your, of you

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (singular)

अपि (api) - also (also, even)

(indeclinable)

समतिक्रान्तम् (samatikrāntam) - escaped (your) notice (surpassed, gone beyond, escaped (notice), failed)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of samatikrānta

samatikrānta - surpassed, gone beyond, transgressed, elapsed, failed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from sam-ati-kram (to pass over, transgress) + kta suffix.

Prefixes: sam+ati

Root: kram (class 1)

Note: Agrees with etad.

एतद् (etad) - this (referring to the event of the vadhopāya failing) (this)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this, this one

Note: Subject of the implied verb 'is' (asti).

गावल्गणे (gāvalgaṇe) - O Saṃjaya (Gāvalgaṇa) (O son of Gavalgaṇa)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of gāvalgaṇa

gāvalgaṇa - descendant of Gavalgaṇa (Saṃjaya)

Derived from Gavalgaṇa + aṇ (suffix) indicating 'descendant'.

Note: Addressing Saṃjaya.

कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

एतम् (etam) - this

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of etad

etad - this, this one

Note: Direct object of an implied verb or refers to 'artha'.

अर्थम् (artham) - this matter (artha) (purpose, meaning, matter, wealth)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of artha

artha - purpose, meaning, object, thing, wealth, matter

Note: Object of avabodhitaḥ, if interpreted as 'understanding this matter'.

महाबुद्धे (mahābuddhe) - O greatly intelligent one (Mahābuddhe) (Saṃjaya) (O greatly intelligent one)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahābuddhi

mahābuddhi - great intellect, great understanding

Compound: mahā (great) + buddhi (intellect).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+buddhi)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective
• buddhi – intellect, understanding, perception
  noun (feminine)
  Derived from root budh (to know).
  Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Addressing Saṃjaya.

यत् (yat) - why, how (introducing a clause) (that (conjunction), which)

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces the clause 'tvayā na avabodhitaḥ'.

त्वया (tvayā) - by you

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (singular)

Note: Agent in the passive construction.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negative particle.

अवबोधितः (avabodhitaḥ) - comprehended, known (understood, known, informed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of avabodhita

avabodhita - understood, known, informed, enlightened

Past Passive Participle

Derived from ava-budh (to know, perceive) + kta suffix.

Prefix: ava

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Refers to the 'artha' (meaning/point) or the implicitly failed 'vadhopāya'.