महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-106, verse-1

संजय उवाच ।
अर्जुनस्तु रणे राजन्दृष्ट्वा भीष्मस्य विक्रमम् ।
शिखण्डिनमथोवाच समभ्येहि पितामहम् ॥१॥

1. saṁjaya uvāca ,
arjunastu raṇe rājandṛṣṭvā bhīṣmasya vikramam ,
śikhaṇḍinamathovāca samabhyehi pitāmaham.

1. sañjayaḥ uvāca arjunaḥ tu raṇe rājan dṛṣṭvā bhīṣmasya
vikramam śikhaṇḍinam atha uvāca samabhyethi pitāmaham

1. sañjayaḥ uvāca rājan arjunaḥ tu raṇe bhīṣmasya vikramam
dṛṣṭvā atha śikhaṇḍinam uvāca pitāmaham samabhyethi

1. Sanjaya said: 'O King, Arjuna, seeing Bhishma's prowess in battle, then said to Shikhandin: "Approach the paternal grandfather (pitāmaha)!"

Words meanings summery:

• सञ्जयः (sañjayaḥ) - The narrator of the Mahabharata to Dhritarashtra. (Sanjaya)

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• अर्जुनः (arjunaḥ) - Arjuna

• तु (tu) - but, on the other hand, indeed

• रणे (raṇe) - in battle, on the battlefield

• राजन् (rājan) - O King Dhritarashtra (addressed by Sanjaya) (O king)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• भीष्मस्य (bhīṣmasya) - of Bhishma

• विक्रमम् (vikramam) - valor, prowess, might

• शिखण्डिनम् (śikhaṇḍinam) - to Shikhandin

• अथ (atha) - then, next, now

• उवाच (uvāca) - Arjuna said (he said, he spoke)

• समभ्येथि (samabhyethi) - (You) approach! (Arjuna instructing Shikhandin) (approach, go near)

• पितामहम् (pitāmaham) - to Bhishma (as Arjuna's paternal grandfather) (to the paternal grandfather)

Words meanings and morphology

सञ्जयः (sañjayaḥ) - The narrator of the Mahabharata to Dhritarashtra. (Sanjaya)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - Sanjaya (name of Dhritarashtra's charioteer and narrator)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

Root 'vac' (2nd class) in Perfect third person singular active voice. Irregular form.

Root: vac (class 2)

अर्जुनः (arjunaḥ) - Arjuna

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of arjuna

arjuna - Arjuna (one of the Pandava brothers, a renowned warrior)

Note: Subject of the second 'uvāca'.

तु (tu) - but, on the other hand, indeed

(indeclinable)

रणे (raṇe) - in battle, on the battlefield

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, fight, war

Note: Specifies the location of the action.

राजन् (rājan) - O King Dhritarashtra (addressed by Sanjaya) (O king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Note: Vocative addressing Dhritarashtra.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root 'dṛś' (1st class) with 'ktvā' suffix.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

भीष्मस्य (bhīṣmasya) - of Bhishma

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (name)

Note: Possessive, modifies 'vikramam'.

विक्रमम् (vikramam) - valor, prowess, might

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vikrama

vikrama - valor, prowess, might, courage, heroic step

Derived from prefix 'vi-' + root 'kram' (to step).

Prefix: vi

Root: kram (class 1)

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

शिखण्डिनम् (śikhaṇḍinam) - to Shikhandin

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śikhaṇḍin

śikhaṇḍin - Shikhandin (a warrior, ally of the Pandavas, who was originally female)

Note: Object of 'uvāca' (recipient of speech).

अथ (atha) - then, next, now

(indeclinable)

उवाच (uvāca) - Arjuna said (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

Root 'vac' (2nd class) in Perfect third person singular active voice. Irregular form.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Main verb of Arjuna's action.

समभ्येथि (samabhyethi) - (You) approach! (Arjuna instructing Shikhandin) (approach, go near)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of i

Imperative Active

Root 'i' (2nd class, 'adādi') with prefixes 'sam' and 'abhi'. Imperative second person singular active voice.

Prefixes: sam+abhi

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Direct command from Arjuna to Shikhandin.

पितामहम् (pitāmaham) - to Bhishma (as Arjuna's paternal grandfather) (to the paternal grandfather)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - paternal grandfather

Compound type : tatpurusha (pitṛ+mahā)

• pitṛ – father
  noun (masculine)
• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective

Note: Object of 'samabhyethi'.