महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-15, chapter-45, verse-12

आतस्थे स तपस्तीव्रं पिता तव तपोधनः ।
वीटां मुखे समाधाय वायुभक्षोऽभवन्मुनिः ॥१२॥

12. ātasthe sa tapastīvraṁ pitā tava tapodhanaḥ ,
vīṭāṁ mukhe samādhāya vāyubhakṣo'bhavanmuniḥ.

12. ātatsthe sa tapas tīvram pitā tava tapodhanaḥ
vīṭām mukhe samādhāya vāyubhakṣaḥ abhavat muniḥ

12. tava pitā tapodhanaḥ sa tīvram tapas ātatsthe
mukhe vīṭām samādhāya muniḥ vāyubhakṣaḥ abhavat

12. Your father, who was rich in penance (tapas), undertook severe austerity (tapas). Placing a betel quid in his mouth, the sage (muni) became one who subsisted only on air.

Words meanings summery:

• आतत्स्थे (ātatsthe) - undertook, performed, established himself

• स (sa) - he

• तपस् (tapas) - penance, austerity (tapas)

• तीव्रम् (tīvram) - severe, intense, fierce

• पिता (pitā) - your father (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (father)

• तव (tava) - your

• तपोधनः (tapodhanaḥ) - rich in penance, whose wealth is austerity

• वीटाम् (vīṭām) - betel quid

• मुखे (mukhe) - in the mouth

• समाधाय (samādhāya) - having placed, having fixed, having concentrated

• वायुभक्षः (vāyubhakṣaḥ) - subsisting on air, air-eater

• अभवत् (abhavat) - became

• मुनिः (muniḥ) - sage, ascetic

Words meanings and morphology

आतत्स्थे (ātatsthe) - undertook, performed, established himself

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, perfect (lit) of ā-sthā

perfect middle

Perfect 3rd singular middle voice of √sthā 'to stand' with prefix ā

Prefix: ā

Root: sthā (class 1)

स (sa) - he

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he/she/it

Nominative singular masculine form of the demonstrative pronoun 'tad', used as a third-person pronoun

तपस् (tapas) - penance, austerity (tapas)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - religious austerity, penance, spiritual heat

s-stem neuter noun, from √tap 'to heat'

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Bracketed (tapas) in translation per instructions.

तीव्रम् (tīvram) - severe, intense, fierce

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tīvra

tīvra - sharp, keen, severe, intense

a-stem adjective

पिता (pitā) - your father (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (father)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pitṛ

pitṛ - father, ancestor

ṛ-stem noun

Note: Nominative singular.

तव (tava) - your

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you, your

Genitive singular of 'yuṣmad' (you)

Note: Genitive singular.

तपोधनः (tapodhanaḥ) - rich in penance, whose wealth is austerity

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tapodhana

tapodhana - one whose wealth is religious austerity, rich in penance

Bahuvrīhi compound: tapas (austerity) + dhana (wealth)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (tapas+dhana)

• tapas – religious austerity, penance
  noun (neuter)
  From √tap 'to heat'
  Root: tap (class 1)
• dhana – wealth, property, riches
  noun (neuter)
  Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Qualifies Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

वीटाम् (vīṭām) - betel quid

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vīṭā

vīṭā - betel-nut roll, betel quid

Feminine ā-stem noun

Note: Object of samādhāya.

मुखे (mukhe) - in the mouth

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of mukha

mukha - mouth, face

Neuter a-stem noun

समाधाय (samādhāya) - having placed, having fixed, having concentrated

(indeclinable)

gerund (absolutive)

Formed from √dhā 'to place' with prefixes sam-ā and suffix -ya

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Gerund.

वायुभक्षः (vāyubhakṣaḥ) - subsisting on air, air-eater

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vāyubhakṣa

vāyubhakṣa - one who eats or subsists on air

Compound of vāyu (air, wind) and bhakṣa (food, eater)

Compound type : upapada (vāyu+bhakṣa)

• vāyu – air, wind
  noun (masculine)
  Masculine u-stem noun
  Root: vā (class 2)
• bhakṣa – food, eating, eater
  noun (masculine)
  From √bhakṣ 'to eat'
  Root: bhakṣ (class 1)

अभवत् (abhavat) - became

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

imperfect active

Imperfect 3rd singular of √bhū (class 1)

Root: bhū (class 1)

मुनिः (muniḥ) - sage, ascetic

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of muni

muni - sage, ascetic, silent one

Masculine i-stem noun

Root: man (class 4)

Note: Bracketed (muni) in translation per instructions.