महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-83, verse-1

भीष्म उवाच ।
एषा प्रथमतो वृत्तिर्द्वितीयां शृणु भारत ।
यः कश्चिज्जनयेदर्थं राज्ञा रक्ष्यः स मानवः ॥१॥

1. bhīṣma uvāca ,
eṣā prathamato vṛttirdvitīyāṁ śṛṇu bhārata ,
yaḥ kaścijjanayedarthaṁ rājñā rakṣyaḥ sa mānavaḥ.

1. bhīṣma uvāca eṣā prathamato vṛttiḥ dvitīyām śṛṇu bhārata
yaḥ kaścit janayet artham rājñā rakṣyaḥ saḥ mānavaḥ

1. bhīṣma uvāca.
bhārata,
eṣā prathamato vṛttiḥ.
dvitīyām śṛṇu.
yaḥ kaścit artham janayet,
saḥ mānavaḥ rājñā rakṣyaḥ.

1. Bhishma said: 'This is the first rule of conduct; now, O Bharata, listen to the second. Whosoever creates prosperity, that person must be protected by the king.'

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma (the speaker) (Bhishma (a proper noun))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, he spoke)

• एषा (eṣā) - this (referring to `vṛttiḥ`) (this (feminine nominative singular))

• प्रथमतो (prathamato) - firstly, in the first place

• वृत्तिः (vṛttiḥ) - rule of conduct (conduct, course of action, behavior, rule, livelihood)

• द्वितीयाम् (dvitīyām) - the second (rule/conduct) (the second (feminine accusative singular))

• शृणु (śṛṇu) - listen (hear, listen)

• भारत (bhārata) - O Bharata (addressing Dhṛtarāṣṭra or Yudhiṣṭhira in the Mahābhārata context) (O Bharata (descendant of Bharata, an epithet for a king or important person))

• यः (yaḥ) - who (relative pronoun) (who, which (masculine nominative singular))

• कश्चित् (kaścit) - whoever (anyone, whoever, someone)

• जनयेत् (janayet) - should create/produce (he should produce, he might create, he should generate)

• अर्थम् (artham) - prosperity, wealth (wealth, purpose, object, meaning)

• राज्ञा (rājñā) - by the king

• रक्ष्यः (rakṣyaḥ) - must be protected (to be protected, protectable, guarded)

• सः (saḥ) - that (person) (he, that (masculine nominative singular))

• मानवः (mānavaḥ) - person, man (man, human being, descendant of Manu)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma (the speaker) (Bhishma (a proper noun))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - name of a celebrated warrior and patriarchal figure in the Mahābhārata

From root `bhīṣ` (to be terrible).

Root: bhīṣ

Note: Subject of `uvāca`.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect active indicative

Root `vac`, 2nd class, Parasmaipada, perfect tense, 3rd person singular.

Root: vac (class 2)

एषा (eṣā) - this (referring to `vṛttiḥ`) (this (feminine nominative singular))

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of etad

etad - this, this one

Demonstrative pronoun.

प्रथमतो (prathamato) - firstly, in the first place

(indeclinable)

From `prathama` (first) with `tas` suffix.

Note: Adverbial use.

वृत्तिः (vṛttiḥ) - rule of conduct (conduct, course of action, behavior, rule, livelihood)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vṛtti

vṛtti - course of action, conduct, mode, rule, profession, livelihood

From root `vṛt` (to turn, exist).

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Subject of implied 'is'.

द्वितीयाम् (dvitīyām) - the second (rule/conduct) (the second (feminine accusative singular))

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of dvitīyā

dvitīyā - second, secondary

Ordinal number from `dvi` (two).

Note: Object of `śṛṇu`.

शृणु (śṛṇu) - listen (hear, listen)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of śru

Imperative active

Root `śru`, 5th class, Parasmaipada, imperative, 2nd person singular.

Root: śru (class 5)

भारत (bhārata) - O Bharata (addressing Dhṛtarāṣṭra or Yudhiṣṭhira in the Mahābhārata context) (O Bharata (descendant of Bharata, an epithet for a king or important person))

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bhārata

bhārata - descendant of Bharata; a name of India; an Indian

From `Bharata` + `a` (patronymic suffix).

यः (yaḥ) - who (relative pronoun) (who, which (masculine nominative singular))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ya

ya - who, which, what

Relative pronoun.

Note: Subject of `janayet`.

कश्चित् (kaścit) - whoever (anyone, whoever, someone)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kaścit

kaścit - anyone, someone, some, certain

Indefinite pronoun, `kim` + `cid`.

Note: Agrees with `yaḥ`.

जनयेत् (janayet) - should create/produce (he should produce, he might create, he should generate)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of jan

Optative active

Causative of root `jan`, 1st class (P), optative, 3rd person singular.

Root: jan (class 1)

अर्थम् (artham) - prosperity, wealth (wealth, purpose, object, meaning)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of artha

artha - aim, purpose, meaning, wealth, object, thing

From root `ṛ` (to go, move, reach).

Root: ṛ (class 1)

Note: Accusative singular, object of `janayet`.

राज्ञा (rājñā) - by the king

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, sovereign, ruler

Root `rāj` (to shine, rule) + `an` suffix.

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Instrumental singular, agent of passive construction `rakṣyaḥ`.

रक्ष्यः (rakṣyaḥ) - must be protected (to be protected, protectable, guarded)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rakṣya

rakṣya - to be protected, protectable, fit to be protected

Gerundive (Future Passive Participle)

Gerundive of root `rakṣ` (to protect).

Root: rakṣ (class 1)

Note: Expresses obligation or necessity.

सः (saḥ) - that (person) (he, that (masculine nominative singular))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, that one

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Correlative pronoun to `yaḥ`.

मानवः (mānavaḥ) - person, man (man, human being, descendant of Manu)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mānava

mānava - human, man, human being, descendant of Manu

From `manu` (Manu) + `a` (patronymic suffix).

Note: Predicate nominative to `saḥ`.