वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-66, verse-43

तमपश्यन्प्रियं पुत्रं महीपालो महायशाः ।
पुत्रशोकपरिद्यूनः पञ्चत्वमुपपेदिवान् ॥४३॥

43. tamapaśyanpriyaṃ putraṃ mahīpālo mahāyaśāḥ ,
putraśokaparidyūnaḥ pañcatvamupapedivān.

43. tam apaśyan priyam putram mahīpālaḥ mahāyaśāḥ
putraśokaparidyūnaḥ pañcatvam upapedivān

43. mahāyaśāḥ mahīpālaḥ priyam putram tam apaśyan
putraśokaparidyūnaḥ pañcatvam upapedivān

43. The greatly renowned king, unable to see his beloved son, was overcome by grief for his son and consequently met his death.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him, that

• अपश्यन् (apaśyan) - not seeing, failing to see

• प्रियम् (priyam) - dear, beloved

• पुत्रम् (putram) - son

• महीपालः (mahīpālaḥ) - king, protector of the earth

• महायशाः (mahāyaśāḥ) - greatly renowned, very famous

• पुत्रशोकपरिद्यूनः (putraśokaparidyūnaḥ) - overwhelmed by sorrow for his son, distressed by son's grief

• पञ्चत्वम् (pañcatvam) - the state of five (elements), demise, death

• उपपेदिवान् (upapedivān) - attained, reached, obtained

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him, that

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

अपश्यन् (apaśyan) - not seeing, failing to see

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of apaśyat

apaśyat - not seeing, unseeing

Present Active Participle

Negation 'a' prefix combined with the present active participle of √dṛś (to see).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (a+paśyat)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• paśyat – seeing
  adjective
  Present Active Participle
  From √dṛś (to see), present active participle stem.
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

प्रियम् (priyam) - dear, beloved

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of priya

priya - dear, beloved, favorite

पुत्रम् (putram) - son

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

महीपालः (mahīpālaḥ) - king, protector of the earth

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahīpāla

mahīpāla - king, protector of the earth

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (mahī+pāla)

• mahī – earth, ground
  noun (feminine)
• pāla – protector, guardian
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from √pāl (to protect).
  Root: pāl (class 10)

महायशाः (mahāyaśāḥ) - greatly renowned, very famous

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahāyaśas

mahāyaśas - great fame, great glory; (as adjective) greatly renowned

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahat+yaśas)

• mahat – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• yaśas – fame, glory, honor
  noun (neuter)

पुत्रशोकपरिद्यूनः (putraśokaparidyūnaḥ) - overwhelmed by sorrow for his son, distressed by son's grief

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of putraśokaparidyūna

putraśokaparidyūna - overwhelmed by sorrow for his son

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (putra+śoka+pari+dyūna)

• putra – son, child
  noun (masculine)
• śoka – grief, sorrow, lamentation
  noun (masculine)
• pari – around, completely, fully
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating intensity or completeness.
• dyūna – distressed, afflicted, withered
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From √dyu (to be sad, distressed).
  Root: dyu (class 1)

पञ्चत्वम् (pañcatvam) - the state of five (elements), demise, death

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of pañcatva

pañcatva - the state of consisting of five, the state of five (elements); demise, death

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pañcan+tva)

• pañcan – five
  numeral
• tva – state, condition, quality (suffix)
  noun (neuter)
  Suffix forming abstract nouns, typically neuter.

उपपेदिवान् (upapedivān) - attained, reached, obtained

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of upapedivas

upapedivas - having attained, having reached

Perfect Active Participle

Formed from √pad (to go, attain) with prefix 'upa-' and suffix -vas.

Prefix: upa

Root: pad (class 4)