महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-59, verse-30

दुर्योधनस्य भीमेन मृद्यमानं शिरः पदा ।
उपप्रेक्षसि कस्मात्त्वं धर्मज्ञः सन्नराधिप ॥३०॥

30. duryodhanasya bhīmena mṛdyamānaṁ śiraḥ padā ,
upaprekṣasi kasmāttvaṁ dharmajñaḥ sannarādhipa.

30. duryodhanasya bhīmena mṛdyamānam śiraḥ padā
upaprekṣasi kasmāt tvam dharmajñaḥ san narādhipa

30. narādhipa dharmajñaḥ san tvam kasmāt duryodhanasya
śiraḥ bhīmena padā mṛdyamānam upaprekṣasi

30. O king of men, why do you, being a knower of (natural law) dharma, merely watch as Duryodhana's head is being crushed by Bhima's foot?

Words meanings summery:

• दुर्योधनस्य (duryodhanasya) - of Duryodhana

• भीमेन (bhīmena) - by Bhima

• मृद्यमानम् (mṛdyamānam) - being crushed, being trampled

• शिरः (śiraḥ) - head

• पदा (padā) - by foot, with foot

• उपप्रेक्षसि (upaprekṣasi) - you look on, you observe, you witness, you allow

• कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why, from what

• त्वम् (tvam) - you

• धर्मज्ञः (dharmajñaḥ) - knower of (natural law) dharma, righteous

• सन् (san) - being, existing, as

• नराधिप (narādhipa) - O king of men

Words meanings and morphology

दुर्योधनस्य (duryodhanasya) - of Duryodhana

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, leader of the Kauravas)

भीमेन (bhīmena) - by Bhima

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of bhīma

bhīma - Bhima (one of the Pandava brothers)

मृद्यमानम् (mṛdyamānam) - being crushed, being trampled

(participle)

Accusative, neuter, singular of mṛdyamāna

mṛdyamāna - being crushed, being trampled, being rubbed

Present Passive Participle

Derived from root mṛd (to crush, trample, rub) with suffix -yamāna.

Root: mṛd (class 6)

Note: Agrees with śiraḥ.

शिरः (śiraḥ) - head

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of śiras

śiras - head, skull, top, chief part

Note: Can be nominative or accusative singular. Here, accusative as object of the action.

पदा (padā) - by foot, with foot

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of pad

pad - foot, step, stride, ray

उपप्रेक्षसि (upaprekṣasi) - you look on, you observe, you witness, you allow

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present indicative (laṭ) of upaprekṣ

Present tense

Derived from root īkṣ (to see, behold) with upasargas upa and pra.

Prefixes: upa+pra

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why, from what

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial use of ablative singular of 'kim'.

त्वम् (tvam) - you

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

धर्मज्ञः (dharmajñaḥ) - knower of (natural law) dharma, righteous

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmajña

dharmajña - knower of (natural law) dharma, righteous, virtuous

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+jña)

• dharma – (natural law) dharma, constitution, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• jña – knowing, knower, conversant with
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root jñā (to know).
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Agrees with tvam.

सन् (san) - being, existing, as

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sat

sat - being, existing, good, true

Present Active Participle

Derived from root as (to be).

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Agrees with tvam.

नराधिप (narādhipa) - O king of men

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of narādhipa

narādhipa - king of men, ruler

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nara+adhipa)

• nara – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
• adhipa – ruler, lord, chief
  noun (masculine)
  From adhi + root pā (to protect, rule).
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: pā (class 2)