महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-65, verse-17

स वीर किं मुह्यसि नावधीयसे नदन्त्येते कुरवः संप्रहृष्टाः ।
कर्णं पुरस्कृत्य विदुर्हि सर्वे त्वदस्त्रमस्त्रैर्विनिपात्यमानम् ॥१७॥

17. sa vīra kiṁ muhyasi nāvadhīyase; nadantyete kuravaḥ saṁprahṛṣṭāḥ ,
karṇaṁ puraskṛtya vidurhi sarve; tvadastramastrairvinipātyamānam.

17. sa vīra kim muhyasi na avadhīyase
nadanti ete kuravaḥ samprahṛṣṭāḥ |
karṇam puraskṛtya viduḥ hi sarve
tvat astram astraiḥ vinipātyamānam

17. sa vīra,
kim muhyasi? (kim) na avadhīyase? samprahṛṣṭāḥ ete kuravaḥ nadanti sarve hi karṇam puraskṛtya tvat astram astraiḥ vinipātyamānam viduḥ.

17. O hero, why are you bewildered? Why are you not being attentive (or not prevailing)? These Kauravas, greatly delighted, are shouting! All of them, with Karna at the forefront, indeed know that your weapon (astra) is being vanquished by (his) weapons.

Words meanings summery:

• स (sa) - O (used as an address to 'vīra') (that, he, O)

• वीर (vīra) - Arjuna (addressed as a hero) (O hero, O brave one)

• किम् (kim) - asking why Arjuna is bewildered (why, what)

• मुह्यसि (muhyasi) - Arjuna is confused or losing his composure (you are bewildered, you are confused, you faint)

• न (na) - not, no

• अवधीयसे (avadhīyase) - Why are you not holding your own or not being effective? (passive voice of 'to pay attention/heed') (you are not being heeded, you are not being regarded, you are not paying attention)

• नदन्ति (nadanti) - the Kauravas are loudly celebrating (they are shouting, they are roaring)

• एते (ete) - these specific Kaurava warriors present on the battlefield (these)

• कुरवः (kuravaḥ) - the enemy warriors, specifically Duryodhana's side (Kauravas (descendants of Kuru))

• सम्प्रहृष्टाः (samprahṛṣṭāḥ) - the Kauravas are immensely pleased with Karna's performance (greatly delighted, overjoyed)

• कर्णम् (karṇam) - Karna

• पुरस्कृत्य (puraskṛtya) - Karna is leading their charge or is the focus of their attention (having placed in front, having made foremost, with (someone) at the forefront)

• विदुः (viduḥ) - the Kauravas are well aware of the situation (they know)

• हि (hi) - emphasizing that it's a clear fact to everyone (indeed, surely, for (emphatic or causal particle))

• सर्वे (sarve) - all the Kaurava warriors (all, all of them)

• त्वत् (tvat) - Arjuna's weapon (your, from you)

• अस्त्रम् (astram) - Arjuna's weapon/arrow (weapon, missile)

• अस्त्रैः (astraiḥ) - Karna's weapons, which are overpowering Arjuna's (with weapons, by means of missiles)

• विनिपात्यमानम् (vinipātyamānam) - Arjuna's weapon is being actively overcome by Karna's (being vanquished, being defeated, being made to fall down)

Words meanings and morphology

स (sa) - O (used as an address to 'vīra') (that, he, O)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, this (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Used here idiomatically in addressing someone.

वीर (vīra) - Arjuna (addressed as a hero) (O hero, O brave one)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of vīra

vīra - hero, brave man, warrior

किम् (kim) - asking why Arjuna is bewildered (why, what)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used adverbially to mean 'why'.

मुह्यसि (muhyasi) - Arjuna is confused or losing his composure (you are bewildered, you are confused, you faint)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of muh

Present Indicative

Present 2nd person singular, root √muh (to be bewildered).

Root: muh (class 4)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

अवधीयसे (avadhīyase) - Why are you not holding your own or not being effective? (passive voice of 'to pay attention/heed') (you are not being heeded, you are not being regarded, you are not paying attention)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of avadhīya

Present Indicative (Passive)

Present 2nd person singular, passive voice, from root √dhā (to place, put) with prefix 'ava-'.

Prefix: ava

Root: dhā (class 3)

नदन्ति (nadanti) - the Kauravas are loudly celebrating (they are shouting, they are roaring)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of nad

Present Indicative

Present 3rd person plural, root √nad (to shout).

Root: nad (class 1)

एते (ete) - these specific Kaurava warriors present on the battlefield (these)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of etad

etad - this, these (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Agrees with 'kuravaḥ'.

कुरवः (kuravaḥ) - the enemy warriors, specifically Duryodhana's side (Kauravas (descendants of Kuru))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kuru

kuru - Kuru (ancestor of Kauravas and Pandavas); a descendant of Kuru; the Kauravas (proper noun)

सम्प्रहृष्टाः (samprahṛṣṭāḥ) - the Kauravas are immensely pleased with Karna's performance (greatly delighted, overjoyed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of samprahṛṣṭa

samprahṛṣṭa - greatly delighted, overjoyed, highly excited

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root √hṛṣ (to rejoice, be thrilled) with prefixes 'sam-' and 'pra-'.

Prefixes: sam+pra

Root: hṛṣ (class 4)

कर्णम् (karṇam) - Karna

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of karṇa

karṇa - ear; Karna (name of a character in the Mahabharata)

पुरस्कृत्य (puraskṛtya) - Karna is leading their charge or is the focus of their attention (having placed in front, having made foremost, with (someone) at the forefront)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root √kṛ (to do, make) with prefix 'puras-' and the absolutive suffix '-tya'.

Prefix: puras

Root: kṛ (class 8)

विदुः (viduḥ) - the Kauravas are well aware of the situation (they know)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present Indicative

Present 3rd person plural, root √vid (to know).

Root: vid (class 2)

हि (hi) - emphasizing that it's a clear fact to everyone (indeed, surely, for (emphatic or causal particle))

(indeclinable)

सर्वे (sarve) - all the Kaurava warriors (all, all of them)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole

Note: Used here substantively.

त्वत् (tvat) - Arjuna's weapon (your, from you)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Used here as an adjective modifying 'astram'.

अस्त्रम् (astram) - Arjuna's weapon/arrow (weapon, missile)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of astra

astra - weapon, missile, arrow

Root: as (class 4)

अस्त्रैः (astraiḥ) - Karna's weapons, which are overpowering Arjuna's (with weapons, by means of missiles)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of astra

astra - weapon, missile, arrow

Root: as (class 4)

विनिपात्यमानम् (vinipātyamānam) - Arjuna's weapon is being actively overcome by Karna's (being vanquished, being defeated, being made to fall down)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vinipātyamāna

vinipātyamāna - being vanquished, being overthrown, being caused to fall

Present Participle (Passive, Causative)

Derived from the causative stem of root √pat (to fall) with prefixes 'vi-' and 'ni-' and the passive present participle suffix '-māna'.

Prefixes: vi+ni

Root: pat (class 1)