महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-78, verse-45

तावका रथिनस्तत्र दृष्ट्वा कृष्णधनंजयौ ।
संरम्भं परमं प्राप्तास्त्वरमाणा महारथाः ॥४५॥

45. tāvakā rathinastatra dṛṣṭvā kṛṣṇadhanaṁjayau ,
saṁrambhaṁ paramaṁ prāptāstvaramāṇā mahārathāḥ.

45. tāvakāḥ rathinaḥ tatra dṛṣṭvā kṛṣṇadhananjayau
saṃrambham paramam prāptāḥ tvaramāṇāḥ mahārathāḥ

45. tatra kṛṣṇadhananjayau dṛṣṭvā tāvakāḥ mahārathāḥ
rathinaḥ tvaramāṇāḥ paramam saṃrambham prāptāḥ

45. Upon seeing Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna (Dhanañjaya) there, your chariot warriors, the great charioteers, became exceedingly agitated and rushed forward.

Words meanings summery:

• तावकाः (tāvakāḥ) - Your (Dhṛtarāṣṭra's) men/forces. (your, belonging to you)

• रथिनः (rathinaḥ) - chariot warriors, charioteers, those in chariots

• तत्र (tatra) - Refers to the battlefield. (there, in that place)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, after seeing

• कृष्णधनन्जयौ (kṛṣṇadhananjayau) - Refers to Lord Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna, who are together in one chariot. (Kṛṣṇa and Dhanañjaya (Arjuna))

• संरम्भम् (saṁrambham) - agitation, fury, wrath, excitement

• परमम् (paramam) - supreme, highest, greatest, extreme

• प्राप्ताः (prāptāḥ) - attained, reached, obtained

• त्वरमाणाः (tvaramāṇāḥ) - hastening, hurrying, rushing

• महारथाः (mahārathāḥ) - great charioteers, mighty warriors

Words meanings and morphology

तावकाः (tāvakāḥ) - Your (Dhṛtarāṣṭra's) men/forces. (your, belonging to you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tāvaka

tāvaka - your, thine

Derived from 'tva' (you).

Note: Adjective to rathinaḥ.

रथिनः (rathinaḥ) - chariot warriors, charioteers, those in chariots

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of rathin

rathin - charioteer, warrior in a chariot

Derived from ratha (chariot) with suffix -in.

Note: Subject of the sentence.

तत्र (tatra) - Refers to the battlefield. (there, in that place)

(indeclinable)

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, after seeing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root dṛś (to see) with suffix -tvā.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Indicates a preceding action.

कृष्णधनन्जयौ (kṛṣṇadhananjayau) - Refers to Lord Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna, who are together in one chariot. (Kṛṣṇa and Dhanañjaya (Arjuna))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, dual of kṛṣṇadhananjaya

kṛṣṇadhananjaya - Kṛṣṇa and Dhanañjaya (Arjuna)

Compound type : dvandva (kṛṣṇa+dhanaṃjaya)

• kṛṣṇa – Kṛṣṇa, dark
  proper noun (masculine)
• dhanaṃjaya – Arjuna (conqueror of wealth)
  proper noun (masculine)

Note: Object of dṛṣṭvā.

संरम्भम् (saṁrambham) - agitation, fury, wrath, excitement

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of saṃrambha

saṁrambha - fury, agitation, wrath, excitement

Prefix: sam

Root: rabh (class 1)

Note: Object of prāptāḥ.

परमम् (paramam) - supreme, highest, greatest, extreme

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of parama

parama - supreme, highest, greatest, ultimate

Note: Adjective to saṃrambham.

प्राप्ताः (prāptāḥ) - attained, reached, obtained

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of prāpta

prāpta - attained, reached, obtained

Past Passive Participle

Formed from root āp with prefix pra and suffix -ta.

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: Predicate adjective, describing rathinaḥ.

त्वरमाणाः (tvaramāṇāḥ) - hastening, hurrying, rushing

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tvaramāṇa

tvaramāṇa - hastening, rushing, hurrying

Present Active Participle (Ātmanepada)

From root tvar (to hurry) with the śānac suffix.

Root: tvar (class 1)

Note: Adjective describing rathinaḥ, indicating a simultaneous action.

महारथाः (mahārathāḥ) - great charioteers, mighty warriors

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mahāratha

mahāratha - great charioteer, mighty warrior (one who can fight 10,000 warriors)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahat+ratha)

• mahat – great, mighty
  adjective (neuter)
• ratha – chariot (here implies charioteer/warrior)
  noun (masculine)

Note: Apposition to rathinaḥ.